Escherichia coli compositions and methods thereof

ABSTRACT

In one aspect, the invention relates to an immunogenic composition comprising modified O-polysaccharide molecules derived from E. coli lipopolysaccharides and conjugates thereof. Multivalent vaccines may be prepared by combining two or more monovalent immunogenic compositions for different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the modified O-polysaccharide molecules are produced by a recombinant bacterium that includes a wzz gene.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/722,370, filed on Aug. 24, 2018, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/784,940, filed on Dec. 26, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/881,361, filed on Jul. 31, 2019, each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to Escherichia coli compositions and methods thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria includes an outer membrane and a peptidoglycan layer on the inside of the outer membrane. The outer membrane includes phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoproteins and membrane proteins. A lipopolysaccharide is found in an outer layer of the membrane and a phospholipid in an inner layer thereof.

The LPS includes a lipid A membrane anchor that links a core oligosaccharide to a polymer of O-polysaccharides containing repeated saccharide monomer units, which form short, long or very long O-chains. While the core oligosaccharide is mostly conserved within individual bacterial species, the O-polysaccharide can be variable amongst serotypes.

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a Gram-negative bacterium known to cause life-threatening bacterial sepsis. Both capsular (K) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigens are important virulence factors.

There is marked interest in the use of O-polysaccharides as the basis of vaccines for E. coli. However, previous attempts to develop E. coli glycoconjugate vaccines using conventional chemical conjugation or bioconjugation approaches have failed to generate robust functional immune responses for all serotypes. Accordingly, there exists an unmet need for immunogenic compositions against E. coli that generate robust functional immune responses.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To meet these and other needs, the present invention relates to compositions and methods of use thereof for eliciting immune responses against E. coli serotypes.

In one embodiment, the present invention relates to saccharides, conjugates, and compositions comprising the same, resulting from E. coli strains that have been engineered to express longer O-antigen lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with improved properties for bioprocess development and a higher density of immunogenic epitopes. For example, in one embodiment, the E. coli strain was engineered to express the Salmonella enterica fepE gene from a high copy plasmid, which resulted in the production of long chain LPS in E. coli strains of different O-antigen serotypes.

Initial strain development focused on the O-antigen of serotype O25b, which is associated with hard-to-treat, emerging multidrug resistant isolates. The wzzB gene was deleted from a clinical E. coli O25b strain. After transformation with the Salmonella fepE plasmid, the now engineered E. coli O25b strain produced exclusively long chain LPS. After chemical extraction with acetic acid to release the O-antigen from the bacterial surface, the resulting long chain O25b polysaccharide was amenable to conventional purification and conjugation techniques. Unlike O-antigens produced through bioconjugation, these longer chain O-antigens retain the inner and outer core oligosaccharides, which independently have the potential to elicit functional antibodies that are both bactericidal and capable of blocking sepsis. Exemplary O25b glycoconjugates were surprisingly significantly more immunogenic in mammals than the unconjugated polysaccharide.

Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention relates to a saccharide including an increase of at least 5 repeating units, compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide of an E. coli.

In one embodiment, the composition includes a structure selected from Formula O1, Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4, Formula O5, Formula O6, Formula O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12, Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18, Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22, Formula O23, Formula O24, Formula O25, Formula O25b, Formula O26, Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32, Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37, Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42, Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45, Formula O46, Formula O48, Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53, Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58, Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula 62D₁, Formula O63, Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69, Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73, Formula O74, Formula O75, Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80, Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85, Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90, Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96, Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101, Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110, Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119, Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129, Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138, Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O144, Formula O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148, Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166, Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175, Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184, Formula O185, Formula O186, and Formula O187, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 1000. See Table 1 and FIG. 9A-C and FIG. 10A-B.

As used herein, unless expressly stated otherwise, the term “wherein n is” refers to the “n” in the Formula(s) selected from the group. In one embodiment, the composition includes a structure selected from Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C), Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4 (e.g., Formula O4:K52 and Formula O4:K6), Formula O5 (e.g., Formula O5ab and Formula O5ac (strain 180/C3)), Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13; K15 and Formula O6:K54), Formula O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12, Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18 (e.g., Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula O18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1), Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22, Formula O23 (e.g., Formula O23A), Formula O24, Formula O25 (e.g., Formula O25a and Formula O25b), Formula O26, Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32, Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37, Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42, Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45 (e.g., Formula O45 and Formula O45rel), Formula O46, Formula O48, Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53, Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58, Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula 62D₁, Formula O63, Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69, Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73 (e.g., Formula O73 (strain 73-1)), Formula O74, Formula O75, Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80, Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85, Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90, Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96, Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101, Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110, Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119, Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129, Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138, Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O144, Formula O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148, Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166, Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175, Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184, Formula O185, Formula O186, and Formula O187, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 1000. See Table 1 and FIG. 9A-C and FIG. 10A-B.

In one embodiment, the composition includes a structure selected from Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C), Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4 (e.g., Formula O4:K52 and Formula O4:K6), Formula O5 (e.g., Formula O5ab and Formula O5ac (strain 180/C3)), Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13; K15 and Formula O6:K54), Formula O7, Formula O10, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18 (e.g., Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula O18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1), Formula O21, Formula O23 (e.g., Formula O23A), Formula O24, Formula O25 (e.g., Formula O25a and Formula O25b), Formula O26, Formula O28, Formula O44, Formula O45 (e.g., Formula O45 and Formula O45rel), Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O58, Formula O64, Formula O69, Formula O73 (e.g., Formula O73 (strain 73-1)), Formula O75, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O86, Formula O88, Formula O90, Formula O98, Formula O104, Formula O111, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O119, Formula O121, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O136, Formula O138, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O147, Formula O149, Formula O152, Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O164, Formula O173, Formula 62D₁, Formula O22, Formula O35, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O83, Formula O91, Formula O105, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O139, Formula O153, Formula O167, and Formula O172, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 1000. See Table 1 and FIG. 9A-C and FIG. 10A.

In one embodiment, the composition includes a structure selected from Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C), Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4 (e.g., Formula O4:K52 and Formula O4:K6), Formula O5 (e.g., Formula O5ab and Formula O5ac (strain 180/C3)), Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13; K15 and Formula O6:K54), Formula O7, Formula O10, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18 (e.g., Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula O18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1), Formula O21, Formula O23 (e.g., Formula O23A), Formula O24, Formula O25 (e.g., Formula O25a and Formula O25b), Formula O26, Formula O28, Formula O44, Formula O45 (e.g., Formula O45 and Formula O45rel), Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O58, Formula O64, Formula O69, Formula O73 (e.g., Formula O73 (strain 73-1)), Formula O75, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O86, Formula O88, Formula O90, Formula O98, Formula O104, Formula O111, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O119, Formula O121, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O136, Formula O138, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O147, Formula O149, Formula O152, Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O164, Formula O173, and Formula 62D₁, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 1000. See Table 1 and FIG. 9A-C.

In one embodiment, the composition does not include a structure selected from Formula O8, Formula O9a, Formula O9, Formula O20ab, Formula O20ac, Formula O52, Formula O97, and Formula O101. In another embodiment, the composition includes a structure selected from Formula O8, Formula O9a, Formula O9, Formula O20ab, Formula O20ac, Formula O52, Formula O97, and Formula O101, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10. See Table 1 and FIG. 10B.

In one embodiment, the E. coli is E. coli serotype is selected from any one of O1, O2, O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, O8, O9, O10, O11, O12, O13, O14, O15, O16, O17, O18, O19, O20, O21, O22, O23, O24, O25, O25b, O26, O27, O28, O29, O30, O32, O33, O34, O35, O36, O37, O38, O39, O40, O41, O42, O43, O44, O45, O46, O48, O49, O50, O51, O52, O53, O54, O55, O56, O57, O58, O59, O60, O61, O62, 62D₁, O63, O64, O65, O66, O68, O69, O70, O71, O73, O74, O75, O76, O77, O78, O79, O80, O81, O82, O83, O84, O85, O86, O87, O88, O89, O90, O91, O92, O93, O95, O96, O97, O98, O99, O100, O101, O102, O103, O104, O105, O106, O107, O108, O109, O110, O111, O112, O113, O114, O115, O116, O117, O118, O119, O120, O121, O123, O124, O125, O126, O127, O128, O129, O130, O131, O132, O133, O134, O135, O136, O137, O138, O139, O140, O141, O142, O143, O144, O145, O146, O147, O148, O149, O150, O151, O152, O153, O154, O155, O156, O157, O158, O159, O160, O161, O162, O163, O164, O165, O166, O167, O168, O169, O170, O171, O172, O173, O174, O175, O176, O177, O178, O179, O180, O181, O182, O183, O184, O185, O186, and O187.

In one embodiment, the E. coli is E. coli serotype is selected from the group consisting of O1, O2, O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, O8, O9, O10, O11, O12, O13, O14, O15, O16, O17, O18, O19, O20, O21, O22, O23, O24, O25, O25b, O26, O27, O28, O29, O30, O32, O33, O34, O35, O36, O37, O38, O39, O40, O41, O42, O43, O44, O45, O46, O48, O49, O50, O51, O52, O53, O54, O55, O56, O57, O58, O59, O60, O61, O62, 62D₁, O63, O64, O65, O66, O68, O69, O70, O71, O73, O74, O75, O76, O77, O78, O79, O80, O81, O82, O83, O84, O85, O86, O87, O88, O89, O90, O91, O92, O93, O95, O96, O97, O98, O99, O100, O101, O102, O103, O104, O105, O106, O107, O108, O109, O110, O111, O112, O113, O114, O115, O116, O117, O118, O119, O120, O121, O123, O124, O125, O126, O127, O128, O129, O130, O131, O132, O133, O134, O135, O136, O137, O138, O139, O140, O141, O142, O143, O144, O145, O146, O147, O148, O149, O150, O151, O152, O153, O154, O155, O156, O157, O158, O159, O160, O161, O162, O163, O164, O165, O166, O167, O168, O169, O170, O171, O172, O173, O174, O175, O176, O177, O178, O179, O180, O181, O182, O183, O184, O185, O186, and O187.

In one embodiment, the saccharide is produced by expressing a wzz family protein in a Gram-negative bacterium to generate said saccharide. In one embodiment, the saccharide is produced by increasing repeating units of O-polysaccharides produced by a Gram-negative bacterium in culture comprising expressing (not necessarily overexpressing) wzz family proteins in a Gram-negative bacterium to generate said saccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the wzz family protein is selected from any one of wzzB, wzz, wzz_(SF), wzz_(ST), fepE, wzz_(fepE), wzz1 and wzz2. In a preferred embodiment, the expressed (not necessarily overexpressed) wzz family protein is selected from the group consisting of wzzB, wzz, wzz_(SF), wzz_(ST), fepE, wzz_(fepE), wzz1 and wzz2. In an alternative embodiment, the saccharide is synthetically synthesized. In one embodiment, the saccharide is covalently bound (conjugated) to a carrier protein. Preferably, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes the saccharide and/or conjugates thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a method for inducing an immune response in a subject, including administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition. In one embodiment, the immune response includes induction of an anti-E coli O-specific polysaccharide antibody.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A-B—FIG. 1A depicts a pUC replicon, 500-700× copies per cell, Chain length regulator (FIG. 1A) and P15a replicon—10-12× copies per cell, O-antigen operon (FIG. 1B) plasmids

FIG. 2—WzzB amino acid sequence alignments, showing K12\W3110\WzzB (SEQ ID NO: 23); O25a\ETEC\ATCC\WzzB (SEQ ID NO: 22); O25a:K5:H1\WzzB (SEQ ID NO: 21); O25b\2401\WzzB (SEQ ID NO: 20); and O25b\2401\WzzB (SEQ ID NO: 20).

FIG. 3A-B: Modulation of O-antigen chain length in serotype O25a and O25b strains by plasmid-based expression of heterologous wzzB and fepE chain length regulators. Genetic complementation of LPS expression in plasmid transformants of wzzB knockout strains O25K5H1 (O25a) and GAR2401 (O25b) is shown. On the left side of FIG. 3A, LPS profiles of plasmid transformants of O25a O25K5HΔwzzB are shown; and on the right, analogous profiles of O25b GAR 2401ΔwzzB transformants. An immunoblot of a replicate gel probed with O25-specific sera (Statens Serum Institut) is shown in FIG. 3B. O25a ΔwxxB (Knock out) background associated with Lanes 1-7; O25b 2401 ΔwzzB (Knock out) background) associated with Lanes 8-15.

FIG. 4—Long chain O-antigen expression conferred by E. coli and Salmonella fepE plasmids in host O25K5H1ΔwzzB

FIG. 5—FepE amino acid sequence alignments. The O157 FepE amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 18; the O25a ETEC ATCC FepE amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 17; the O25a:K5:H1 FepE amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 16; the O25b 2401 FepE amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 15; the Salmonella LT2 FepE amino acid sequence is SEQ ID NO: 19.

FIG. 6—Salmonella fepE expression generates Long O-antigen LPS in a variety of clinical isolates

FIG. 7A-B—Plasmid-mediated Arabinose-inducible Expression of O25b Long O-antigen LPS in O25b O-antigen knock-out host strain. Results from an SPS PAGE are shown in FIG. 7A and results from an O25 Immuno-Blot are shown in FIG. 7B, wherein Lane 1 is from Clone 1, no arabinose; Lane 2 is from Clone 1, 0.2% arabinose; Lane 3 is from Clone 9, no Arabinose; Lane 4 is from Clone 9, 0.2% Arabinose; Lane 5 is from O55 E. coli LPS Standard; and Lane 6 is from O111 E. coli LPS Standard, in both FIG. 7A and in FIG. 7B.

FIG. 8—Plasmid-mediated Arabinose-inducible Expression of Long O-antigen LPS in common host strain

FIG. 9A-C—Structures of O-antigens synthesized by the polymerase-dependent pathway with four or less residues in the backbone.

FIG. 10A-B—FIG. 10A depicts structures of O-antigens synthesized by the polymerase-dependent pathway with five or six residues in the backbone; FIG. 10B depicts O-antigens believed to be synthesized by the ABC-transporter-dependent pathway.

FIG. 11—Expression of O25 O-antigen LPS in Exploratory Bioprocess strains

FIG. 12A-B—SEC profiles and properties of short (FIG. 12A, Strain 1 O25b wt 2831) and long O25b O-antigens (FIG. 12B, Strain 2 O25b 2401ΔwzzB/LT2 FepE) purified from strains GAR2831 and ‘2401ΔwzzB/fepE

FIG. 13A-B—(FIG. 13A) Information regarding vaccination schedule for rabbit study 1 VAC-2017-PRL-EC-0723; (FIG. 13B) vaccination schedule for rabbit study 2 VAC-2018-PRL-EC-077

FIG. 14A-C—O25b Glycoconjugate IgG responses, wherein -●- represents results from Prebleed; -▪- Bleed 1 (6 wk); -▴- Bleed 2 (8 wk); -♦- Bleed 3 (12 wk). FIG. 14A depicts results from Rabbit 1-3 (Medium Activation); FIG. 14B depicts results from Rabbit 2-3 (Low Activation); FIG. 14C depicts results from Rabbit 3-1 (High Activation).

FIG. 15A-F—IgG responses to O25b Long O-antigen Glycoconjugate, i.e., Low activation O25b-CRM₁₉₇ conjugate (FIG. 15D-F, wherein -●- represents results from Prebleed from Rabbit 2-1, -▪- Week 12 Antisera from Rabbit 2-1) vs unconjugated polysaccharide, i.e., free O25b polysaccharide (FIG. A-C, wherein -●- represents results from Prebleed from Rabbit A-1, -▪- Week 6 Antisera from Rabbit A-1, -▴- Week 8 Antisera from Rabbit A-1). Note that MFIs are plotted on log scale to highlight differences between pre-immune and immune antibodies in the <1000 MFI range. FIG. 15A depicts results from Rabbit A-1 (Unconjugated Poly); FIG. 15B depicts results from Rabbit A-3 (Unconjugated Poly); FIG. 15C depicts results from Rabbit A-4 (Unconjugated Poly); FIG. 15D depicts results from Rabbit 2-1 (low activation); FIG. 15E depicts results from Rabbit 2-2 (low activation); and FIG. 15F depicts results from Rabbit 2-3 (low activation).

FIG. 16A-C—Surface expression of native vs long O25b O-antigen detected with O25b antisera. FIG. 16A depicts results wherein -●- represents results from O25b 2831 vs PD3 antisera; -▪- O25b 2831 wt vs prebleed; -▴- O25b 2831/fepE vs PD3 antisera; -▾- O25b 2831/fepE vs prebleed. FIG. 16B depicts results wherein —O— represents results from O25b 2401 vs PD3 antisera; -▪- O25b 2401 vs prebleed; -▴- O25b 2401/fepE vs PD3 antisera; -▾- O25b 2401/fepE vs prebleed. FIG. 16C depicts results wherein -●- represents results from E. coli K12 vs PD3 antisera; -▪- E. coli K12 vs prebleed.

FIG. 17—Generalized structures of the carbohydrate backbone of the outer core oligosaccharides of the five known chemotypes. All glycoses are in the α-anomeric configuration unless otherwise indicated. The genes whose products catalyse formation of each linkage are indicated in dashed arrows. An asterisk denotes the residue of the core oligosaccharide to which attachment of O-antigen occurs.

FIG. 18—Unconjugated free O25b polysaccharide is not immunogenic (dLIA), wherein -●- represents results from Week 18 (1 wk=PD4) Antisera from 4-1; -▪- Week 18 (1 wk=PD4) Antisera from 4-2; -▴- Week 18 (1 wk=PD4) Antisera from 5-1; -▾- Week 18 (1 wk=PD4) Antisera from 5-2; -*- Week 18 (1 wk=PD4) Antisera from 6-1; -

- Week 18 (1 wk=PD4) Antisera from 6-2.

FIG. 19A-C—Graphs illustrating the specificity of BRC Rabbit O25b RAC conjugate immune sera OPA titers. FIG. 19A shows OPA titers of Rabbit 2-3 pre-immune serum -●- and post-immune serum wk 13 -▪-. FIG. 19B shows OPA titers of Rabbit 1-2 pre-immune serum -●- and post-immune serum wk 19 -▪-. FIG. 19C shows Rabbit 1-2 wk 19 OPA Titer Specificity, in which OPA activity of Rabbit 1-2 immune serum is blocked by pre-incubation with 100 μg/mL of purified unconjugated O25b long O-antigen polysaccharide, wherein -▪- represents results from Rabbit 1-2 immune serum wk 19; and -▾- represents results from Rabbit 1-2 wk 19 w/R1 Long-OAg.

FIG. 20A-C—FIG. 20A Illustration of an exemplary administration schedule. FIG. 20B and FIG. 20C show graphs depicting O-antigen O25b IgG levels elicited by unconjugated O25b long O-antigen polysaccharide (FIG. 20B, O25b Free Poly (2 μg)) and derived O25b RAC/DMSO long O-antigen glycoconjugate (FIG. 20C, O25b-CRM₁₉₇ RAC Long (2 μg)), wherein - . . . - (dotted line) represents Naïve CD1 O25b IgG level.

FIG. 21A-B—Graphs depicting OPA immunogenicity of RAC, eTEC O25b long glycoconjugates, and single end glycoconjugates post dose 2 (FIG. 21A) and post dose 3 (FIG. 21B), wherein -◯- represents results from single end short 2 μg; -●- single end long 2 μg; -▴- RAC/DMSO long 2 μg; -▾- eTEC long 2 μg; * Background control (n=20). †Responder rates are % mice with titers >2× unvaccinated baseline.

FIG. 22—Graph depicting OPA immunogenicity of eTEC chemistry and modified levels of polysaccharide activation. †Responder rates are % mice with titers >2× unvaccinated baseline.

FIG. 23A-B—FIG. 23A Illustration of an exemplary administration schedule and FIG. 23B shows a graph depicting protection of mice immunized with doses of E. coli eTEC conjugates from lethal challenge with O25b isolate, wherein -⋄- represents eTEC Long Chain 17% activation; -Δ- eTEC Long Chain 10% activation; -∇- eTEC Long Chain 4% activation; -□- O25b Polysaccharide; -◯- Unvaccinated controls.

FIG. 24—schematic illustrating an exemplary preparation of single-ended conjugates, wherein the conjugation process involves selective activation of 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctanoic acid (KDO) with a disulfide amine linker, upon unmasking of a thiol functional group. The KDO is then conjugated to bromo activated CRM₁₉₇ protein as depicted in FIG. 24 (Preparation of Single-Ended Conjugates).

FIG. 25A-B shows an exemplary process flow diagram for the activation (FIG. 25A) and conjugation (FIG. 25B) processes used in the preparation of E. coli glycoconjugate to CRM₁₉₇.

SEQUENCE IDENTIFIERS

SEQ ID NO: 1 sets forth a primer sequence for LT2wzzB_S, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 2 sets forth a primer sequence for LT2wzzB_AS, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 3 sets forth a primer sequence for O25bFepE_S, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 4 sets forth a primer sequence for O25bFepE_A, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 5 sets forth a primer sequence for wzzB P1_S, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 6 sets forth a primer sequence for wzzB P2_AS, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 7 sets forth a primer sequence for wzzB P3_S, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 8 sets forth a primer sequence for wzzB P4_AS, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 9 sets forth a primer sequence for O157 FepE_S, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 10 sets forth a primer sequence for O157 FepE_AS, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 11 sets forth a primer sequence for pBAD33_adaptor_S, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 12 sets forth a primer sequence for pBAD33_adaptor_AS, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 13 sets forth a primer sequence for JUMPSTART_r, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 14 sets forth a primer sequence for gnd_f, described in Table 4. SEQ ID NO: 15 sets forth a O25b 2401 FepE amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 5. SEQ ID NO: 16 sets forth a O25a:K5:H1 FepE amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 5. SEQ ID NO: 17 sets forth a O25a ETEC ATCC FepE amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 5. SEQ ID NO: 18 sets forth a O157 FepE amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 5. SEQ ID NO: 19 sets forth a Salmonella LT2 FepE amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 5. SEQ ID NO: 20 sets forth a O25b 2401 WzzB amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2. SEQ ID NO: 21 sets forth a O25a:K5:H1 WzzB amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2. SEQ ID NO: 22 sets forth a O25a ETEC ATCC WzzB amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2. SEQ ID NO: 23 sets forth a K12 W3110 WzzB amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2. SEQ ID NO: 24 sets forth a Salmonella LT2 WzzB amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The inventors surprisingly discovered E. coli antigens resulting from engineering of different Wzz proteins (e.g., WzzB), including the surprising discovery of immunogenic conjugates and methods of use thereof. The inventors further surprisingly discovered glycoconjugates containing such saccharides being covalently conjugated to a carrier protein, such as, for example, through a bivalent, heterobifunctional linker referred to herein as a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer. The inventors also surprisingly discovered glycoconjugates containing the saccharides conjugated to a carrier protein, such as, for example, through reductive amination (RAC). In particular, RAC in an aprotic solvent, preferably in an DMSO (RAC/DMSO) or in aqueous solution. The invention further relates to immunogenic compositions comprising such glycoconjugates, and methods for the use of such glycoconjugates and immunogenic compositions. In addition, the inventors surprisingly discovered that, in some embodiments, a glycoconjugate containing a high molecular weight saccharide having an intermediate or long O-antigen chain may be more immunogenic as compared to glycoconjugates having relatively short O-antigen chains. Moreover, the inventors discovered that, in some embodiments, glycoconjugates produced by multiple-ended activation of the saccharide prior to conjugation to the carrier protein, such as, for example, by methods comprising RAC or single-end conjugation or eTEC, may be more immunogenic than glycoconjugates produced by single-ended activation of the saccharide prior to conjugation to the carrier protein.

In one embodiment, the saccharide is produced by expression (not necessarily overexpression) of different Wzz proteins (e.g., WzzB) to control of the size of the saccharide.

As used herein, the term “saccharide” refers to a single sugar moiety or monosaccharide unit as well as combinations of two or more single sugar moieties or monosaccharide units covalently linked to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The saccharide may be linear or branched.

In one embodiment, the saccharide is produced in a recombinant Gram-negative bacterium. In one embodiment, the saccharide is produced in a recombinant E. coli cell. In one embodiment, the saccharide is produced in a recombinant Salmonella cell. Exemplary bacteria include E. coli O25K5H1, E. coli BD559, E. coli GAR2831, E. coli GAR865, E. coli GAR868, E. coli GAR869, E. coli GAR872, E. coli GAR878, E. coli GAR896, E. coli GAR1902, E. coli O25a ETC NR-5, E. coli O157:H7:K-, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain LT2, E. coli GAR2401, Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis CVD 1943, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium CVD 1925, Salmonella enterica serotype Paratyphi A CVD 1902, and Shigella flexneri CVD 1208S. In one embodiment, the bacterium is not E. coli GAR2401. This genetic approach towards saccharide production allows for efficient production of O-polysaccharides and O-antigen molecules as vaccine components.

The term “wzz protein,” as used herein, refers to a chain length determinant polypeptide, such as, for example, wzzB, wzz, wzz_(SF), wzz_(ST), fepE, wzz_(fepE), wzz1 and wzz2. The GenBank accession numbers for the exemplary wzz gene sequences are AF011910 for E4991/76, AF011911 for F186, AF011912 for M70/1-1, AF011913 for 79/311, AF011914 for Bi7509-41, AF011915 for C664-1992, AF011916 for C258-94, AF011917 for C722-89, and AF011919 for EDL933. The GenBank accession numbers for the G7 and Bi316-41 wzz genes sequences are U39305 and U39306, respectively. Further GenBank accession numbers for exemplary wzz gene sequences are NP_459581 for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2 FepE; AIG66859 for E. coli O157:H7 Strain EDL933 FepE; NP_461024 for Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2 WzzB. NP_416531 for E. coli K-12 substr. MG1655 WzzB, NP_415119 for E. coli K-12 substr. MG1655 FepE. In preferred embodiments, the wzz family protein is any one of wzzB, wzz, wzz_(SF), wzz_(ST), fepE, wzz_(fepE), wzz1 and wzz2, most preferably wzzB, more preferably fepE.

Exemplary wzzB sequences include:

O25b 2401 WzzB (SEQ ID NO: 20) MRVENNNVSGQNHDPEQIDLIDLLVQLWRGKMTIIISVIVAIALAIGYLA VAKEKVVTSTAIITQPDVGQIAGYNNAMNVIYGQAAPKVSDLQETLIGRF SSAFSALAETLDNQEEPEKLTIEPSVKNQQLPLTVSYVGQTAEGAQMKLA QYIQQVDDKVNQELEKDLKDNIALGRKNLQDSLRTQEVVAQEQKDLRIRQ IQEALQYANQEQVTKPQVQQTEDVTQDTLFLLGSEALESMIKHEATRPLV FSSNYYQTRQNLLDIESLKVDDLDIHAYRYVMKPTLPIRRDSPKKAITLI LAVLLGGMVGAGIVLGRNALRNYNAK O25a:K5:H1 WzzB (SEQ ID NO: 21) MRVENNNVSGQNNDPEQIDLIDLLVQLWRGKMTIIISVIVAIALAIGYLA VAKEKVVTSTAIITQPDVGQIAGYNNAMNVIYGQAAPKVSDLQETLIGRF SSAFSALAETLDNQDEPEKLTIEPSVKNQQLPLTVSYVGQTAEGAQMKLA QYIQQVDDKVNQELEKDLKDNIALGRKNLQDSLRTQEVVAQEQKDLRIRQ IQEALQYANQAQVTKPQIQQTGEDITQDTLFLLGSEALESMIKHEATRPL VFSPNYYQTRQNLLDIESLKVDDLDIHAYRYVMKPTLPIRRDSPKKAITL ILAVLLGGMVGAGIVLGRNALRNYNAK O25a ETEC ATCC WzzB (SEQ ID NO: 22) MRVENNNVSGQNHDPEQIDLIDLLVQLWRGKMTIIISVVVAIALAIGYLA VAKEKVVTSTAIITQPDVGQIAGYNNAMNVIYGQAAPKVSDLQETLIGRF SFAFSALAETLDNQKEPEKLTIEPSVKNQQLPLTVSYVGQTAEDAQMKLA QYIQQVDDKVNQELEKDLKDNLALGRKNLQDSLRTQEVVAQEQKDLRIRQ IQEALQYANQAQVTKPQIQQTGEDITQDTLFLLGSEALESMIKHEATRPL VFSPNYYQTRQNLLDIENLKVDDLDIHAYRYVMKPTLPIRRDSPKKAITL ILAVLLGGMVGAGIVLGRNALRNYNSK K12 W3110 WzzB (SEQ ID NO: 23) MRVENNNVSGQNHDPEQIDLIDLLVQLWRGKMTIIISVIVAIALAIGYLA VAKEKWTSTAIITQPDVGQIAGYNNAMNVIYGQAAPKVSDLQETLIGRFS SAFSALAETLDNQEEREKLTIEPSVKNQQLPLTVSYVGQTAEGAQMKLAQ YIQQVDDKVNQELEKDLKDNIALGRKNLQDSLRTQEVVAQEQKDLRIRQI QEALQYANQAQVTKPQIQQTGEDITQDTLFLLGSEALESMIKHEATRPLV FSPNYYQTRQNLLDIESLKVDDLDIHAYRYVMKPMLPIRRDSPKKAITLI LAVLLGGMVGAGIVLGRNALRNYNAK Salmonella LT2 WzzB (SEQ ID NO: 24) MTVDSNTSSGRGNDPEQIDLIELLLQLWRGKMTIIVAVIIAILLAVGYLM IAKEKWTSTAIITQPDAAQVATYTNALNVLYGGNAPKISEVQANFISRFS SAFSALSEVLDNQKEREKLTIEQSVKGQALPLSVSYVSTTAEGAQRRLAE YIQQVDEEVAKELEVDLKDNITLQTKTLQESLETQEVVAQEQKDLRIKQI EEALRYADEAKITQPQIQQTQDVTQDTMFLLGSDALKSMIQNEATRPLVF SPAYYQTKQTLLDIKNLKVTADTVHVYRYVMKPTLPVRRDSPKTAITLVL AVLLGGMIGAGIVLGRNALRSYKPKAL

Exemplary FepE sequences include:

O25b GAR2401 FepE (SEQ ID NO: 15) MSSLNIKQGSDAHFPDYPLASPSNNEIDLLNLISVLWRAKKTVMAVVFAF ACAGLLISFILPQKWTSAAVVTPPEPVQWQELEKSFTKLRVLDLDIKIDR TEAFNLFIKKFQSVSLLEEYLRSSPYVMDQLKEAKIDELDLHRAIVALSE KMKAVDDNASKKKDEPSLYTSWTLSFTAPTSEEAQTVLSGYIDYISTLVV KESLENVRNKLEIKTQFEKEKLAQDRIKTKNQLDANIQRLNYSLDIANAA GIKKPVYSNGQAVKDDPDFSISLGADGIERKLEIEKAVTDVAELNGELRN RQYLVEQLTKAHVNDVNFTPFKYQLSPSLPVKKDGPGKAIIVILSALIGG MVACGGVLLRYAMASRKQDAMMADHLV O25a:K5:H1 FepE (SEQ ID NO: 16) MSSLNIKQGSEAHFPEYPLASPSNNEIDLLNLIEVLWRAKKTVMAVVFAF ACAGLLISFILPQKWVTSAAVVTPPEPVQWQELEKTFTKLRVLDLDIKID RTEAFNLFIKKFQSVSLLEEYLRSSPYVMDQLKEAKIDPLDLHRAIVALS EKMKAVDDNASKKKDESALYTSWTLSFTAPTSEEAQKVLAGYIDYISALV VKESIENVRNKLEIKTQFEKEKLAQDRIKTKNQLDANIQRLNYSLDIANA AGIKKPVYSNGQAVKDDPDFSISLGADGIERKLEIEKAVTDVAELNGELR NRQYLVEQLTKTNINDVNFTPFKYQLRPSLPVKKDGQGKAIIVILSALVG GMVACGGVLLRHAMASRKQDAMMADHLV O25a ETEC ATCC FepE (SEQ ID NO: 17) MSSLNIKQGSDAHFPDYPLASPSNNEIDLLNLISVLWRAKKTVMAVVFAF ACAGLLISFILPQKWTSAAVVTPPEPVQWQELEKSFTKLRVLDLDIKIDR TEAFNLFIKKFQSVSLLEEYLRSSPYVMDQLKEAKIDELDLHRAIVALSE KMKAVDDNASKKKDEPSLYTSWTLSFTAPTSEEAQTVLSGYIDYISTLVV KESLENVRNKLEIKTQFEKEKLAQDRIKTKNQLDANIQRLNYSLDIANAA GIKKPVYSNGQAVKDDPDFSISLGADGIERKLEIEKAVTDVAELNGELRN RQYLVEQLTKAHVNDVNFTPFKYQLSPSLPVKKDGPGKAIIVILSALIGG MVACGGVLLRYAMASRKQDAMMADHLV O157 FepE (SEQ ID NO: 18) MSSLNIKQGSDAHFPDYPLASPSNNEIDLLNLISVLWRAKKTVMAVVFAF ACAGLLISFILPQKWTSAAVVTPPEPVQWQELEKTFTKLRVLDLDIKIDR TEAFNLFIKKFQSVSLLEEYLRSSPYVMDQLKEAKIDELDLHRAIVALSE KMKAVDDNASKKKDEPSLYTSWTLSFTAPTSEEAQTVLSGYIDYISALVV KESIENVRNKLEIKTQFEKEKLAQDRIKMKNQLDANIQRLNYSLDIANAA GIKKPVYSNGQAVKDDPDFSISLGADGIERKLEIEKAVTDVAELNGELRN RQYLVEQLTKANINDVNFTPFKYQLSPSLPVKKDGPGKAIIVILSALIGG MVACGSVLLRYAMASRKQDAMMADHLV Salmonella LT2 FepE (SEQ ID NO: 19) MPSLNVKQEKNQSFAGYSLPPANSHEIDLFSLIEVLWQAKRRILATVFAF ACVGLLLSFLLPQKWTSQAIVTPAESVQWQGLERTLTALRVLDMEVSVDR GSVFNLFIKKFSSPSLLEEYLRSSPYVMDQLKGAQIDEQDLHRAIVLLSE KMKAVDSNVGKKNETSLFTSWTLSFTAPTREEAQKVLAGYIQYISDIVVK ETLENIRNQLEIKTRYEQEKLAMDRVRLKNQLDANIQRLHYSLEIANAAG IKRPVYSNGQAVKDDPDFSISLGADGISRKLEIEKGVTDVAEIDGDLRNR QYHVEQLAAMNVSDVKFTPFKYQLSPSLPVKKDGPGKAIIIILAALIGGM MACGGVLLRHAMVSRKMENALAIDERLV

In some embodiments, a modified saccharide (modified as compared to the corresponding wild-type saccharide) may be produced by expressing (not necessarily overexpressing) a wzz family protein (e.g., fepE) from a Gram-negative bacterium in a Gram-negative bacterium and/or by switching off (i.e., repressing, deleting, removing) a second wzz gene (e.g., wzzB) to generate high molecular weight saccharides, such as lipopolysaccharides, containing intermediate or long O-antigen chains. For example, the modified saccharides may be produced by expressing (not necessarily overexpressing) wzz2 and switching off wzz1. Or, in the alternative, the modified saccharides may be produced by expressing (not necessarily overexpressing) wzzfepE and switching off wzzB. In another embodiment, the modified saccharides may be produced by expressing (not necessarily overexpressing) wzzB but switching off wzzfepE. In another embodiment, the modified saccharides may be produced by expressing fepE. Preferably, the wzz family protein is derived from a strain that is heterologous to the host cell.

In some embodiments, the saccharide is produced by expressing a wzz family protein having an amino acid sequence that is at least 30%, 50%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 19. In one embodiment, the wzz family protein includes a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 19. Preferably, the wzz family protein has at least 30%, 50%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the saccharide is produced by expressing a protein having an amino acid sequence that is at least 30%, 50%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99% or 100% sequence identity to an fepE protein.

In one aspect, the invention relates to saccharides produced by expressing a wzz family protein, preferably fepE, in a Gram-negative bacterium to generate high molecular weight saccharides containing intermediate or long O-antigen chains, which have an increase of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 repeating units, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. In one aspect, the invention relates to saccharides produced by a Gram-negative bacterium in culture that expresses (not necessarily overexpresses) a wzz family protein (e.g., wzzB) from a Gram-negative bacterium to generate high molecular weight saccharides containing intermediate or long O-antigen chains, which have an increase of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 repeating units, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-antigen. See description of O-polysaccharides and O-antigens below for additional exemplary saccharides having increased number of repeat units, as compared to the corresponding wild-type saccharides. A desired chain length is the one which produces improved or maximal immunogenicity in the context of a given vaccine construct.

In another embodiment, the saccharide includes any one Formula selected from Table 1, wherein the number of repeat units n in the saccharide is greater than the number of repeat units in the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or more repeat units. Preferably, the saccharide includes an increase of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 repeat units, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. See, for example, Table 21. Methods of determining the length of saccharides are known in the art. Such methods include nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography, as described in Example 5.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to a saccharide produced in a recombinant E. coli host cell, wherein the gene for an endogenous wzz O-antigen length regulator (e.g., wzzB) is deleted and is replaced by a (second) wzz gene from a Gram-negative bacterium heterologous to the recombinant E. coli host cell (e.g., Salmonella fepE) to generate high molecular weight saccharides, such as lipopolysaccharides, containing intermediate or long O-antigen chains. In some embodiments, the recombinant E. coli host cell includes a wzz gene from Salmonella, preferably from Salmonella enterica.

In one embodiment, the host cell includes the heterologous gene for a wzz family protein as a stably maintained plasmid vector. In another embodiment, the host cell includes the heterologous gene for a wzz family protein as an integrated gene in the chromosomal DNA of the host cell. Methods of stably expressing a plasmid vector in an E. coli host cell and methods of integrating a heterologous gene into the chromosome of an E. coli host cell are known in the art. In one embodiment, the host cell includes the heterologous genes for an O-antigen as a stably maintained plasmid vector. In another embodiment, the host cell includes the heterologous genes for an O-antigen as an integrated gene in the chromosomal DNA of the host cell. Methods of stably expressing a plasmid vector in an E. coli host cell and a Salmonella host cell are known in the art. Methods of integrating a heterologous gene into the chromosome of an E. coli host cell and a Salmonella host cell are known in the art.

In one aspect, the recombinant host cell is cultured in a medium that comprises a carbon source. Carbon sources for culturing E. coli are known in the art. Exemplary carbon sources include sugar alcohols, polyols, aldol sugars or keto sugars including but not limited to arabinose, cellobiose, fructose, glucose, glycerol, inositol, lactose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, rhamnose, raffinose, sorbitol, sorbose, sucrose, trehalose, pyruvate, succinate and methylamine. In a preferred embodiment, the medium includes glucose. In some embodiments, the medium includes a polyol or aldol sugar, for example, mannitol, inositol, sorbose, glycerol, sorbitol, lactose and arabinose as the carbon source. All of the carbon sources may be added to the medium before the start of culturing, or it may be added step by step or continuously during culturing.

An exemplary culture medium for the recombinant host cell includes an element selected from any one of KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, sodium citrate, Na₂SO₄, aspartic acid, glucose, MgSO₄, FeSO₄-7H₂O, Na₂MoO₄-2H₂O, H₃BO₃, CoCl₂-6H₂O, CuCl₂-2H₂O, MnCl₂-4H₂O, ZnCl₂ and CaCl₂-2H₂O. Preferably, the medium includes KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, sodium citrate, Na₂SO₄, aspartic acid, glucose, MgSO₄, FeSO₄-7H₂O, Na₂MoO₄-2H₂O, H₃BO₃, CoCl₂-6H₂O, CuCl₂-2H₂O, MnCl₂-4H₂O, ZnCl₂ and CaCl₂-2H₂O.

The medium used herein may be solid or liquid, synthetic (i.e. man-made) or natural, and may include sufficient nutrients for the cultivation of the recombinant host cell. Preferably, the medium is a liquid medium.

In some embodiments, the medium may further include suitable inorganic salts. In some embodiments, the medium may further include trace nutrients. In some embodiments, the medium may further include growth factors. In some embodiments, the medium may further include an additional carbon source. In some embodiments, the medium may further include suitable inorganic salts, trace nutrients, growth factors, and a supplementary carbon source. Inorganic salts, trace nutrients, growth factors, and supplementary carbon sources suitable for culturing E. coli are known in the art.

In some embodiments, the medium may include additional components as appropriate, such as peptone, N-Z Amine, enzymatic soy hydrosylate, additional yeast extract, malt extract, supplemental carbon sources and various vitamins. In some embodiments, the medium does not include such additional components, such as peptone, N-Z Amine, enzymatic soy hydrosylate, additional yeast extract, malt extract, supplemental carbon sources and various vitamins.

Illustrative examples of suitable supplemental carbon sources include, but are not limited to other carbohydrates, such as glucose, fructose, mannitol, starch or starch hydrolysate, cellulose hydrolysate and molasses; organic acids, such as acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, formic acid, malic acid, citric acid, and fumaric acid; and alcohols, such as glycerol, inositol, mannitol and sorbitol.

In some embodiments, the medium further includes a nitrogen source. Nitrogen sources suitable for culturing E. coli are known in the art. Illustrative examples of suitable nitrogen sources include, but are not limited to ammonia, including ammonia gas and aqueous ammonia; ammonium salts of inorganic or organic acids, such as ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium acetate; urea; nitrate or nitrite salts, and other nitrogen-containing materials, including amino acids as either pure or crude preparations, meat extract, peptone, fish meal, fish hydrolysate, corn steep liquor, casein hydrolysate, soybean cake hydrolysate, yeast extract, dried yeast, ethanol-yeast distillate, soybean flour, cottonseed meal, and the like.

In some embodiments, the medium includes an inorganic salt. Illustrative examples of suitable inorganic salts include, but are not limited to salts of potassium, calcium, sodium, magnesium, manganese, iron, cobalt, zinc, copper, molybdenum, tungsten and other trace elements, and phosphoric acid.

In some embodiments, the medium includes appropriate growth factors. Illustrative examples of appropriate trace nutrients, growth factors, and the like include, but are not limited to coenzyme A, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine-HCl, biotin, thiamine, riboflavin, flavine mononucleotide, flavine adenine dinucleotide, DL-6,8-thioctic acid, folic acid, Vitamin B₁₂, other vitamins, amino acids such as cysteine and hydroxyproline, bases such as adenine, uracil, guanine, thymine and cytosine, sodium thiosulfate, p- or r-aminobenzoic acid, niacinamide, nitriloacetate, and the like, either as pure or partially purified chemical compounds or as present in natural materials. The amounts may be determined empirically by one skilled in the art according to methods and techniques known in the art.

In another embodiment, the modified saccharide (as compared to the corresponding wild-type saccharide) described herein is synthetically produced, for example, in vitro. Synthetic production or synthesis of the saccharides may facilitate the avoidance of cost- and time-intensive production processes. In one embodiment, the saccharide is synthetically synthesized, such as, for example, by using sequential glycosylation strategy or a combination of sequential glycosylations and [3+2] block synthetic strategy from suitably protected monosaccharide intermediates. For example, thioglycosides and glycosyl trichloroacetimidate derivatives may be used as glycosyl donors in the glycosylations. In one embodiment, a saccharide that is synthetically synthesized in vitro has the identical structure to a saccharide produced by recombinant means, such as by manipulation of a wzz family protein described above.

The saccharide produced (by recombinant or synthetic means) includes a structure derived from any E. coli serotype including, for example, any one of the following E. coli serotypes: O1 (e.g., O1A, O1B, and O1C), O2, O3, O4 (e.g., O4:K52 and O4:K6), O5 (e.g., O5ab and O5ac (strain 180/C3)), O6 (e.g., O6:K2; K13; K15 and O6:K54), O7, O8, O9, O10, O11, O12, O13, O14, O15, O16, O17, O18 (e.g., O18A, O18ac, O18A1, O18B, and O18B1), O19, O20, O21, O22, O23 (e.g., O23A), O24, O25 (e.g., O25a and O25b), O26, O27, O28, O29, O30, O32, O33, O34, O35, O36, O37, O38, O39, O40, O41, O42, O43, O44, O45 (e.g., O45 and O45rel), 046, O48, O49, O50, O51, O52, O53, O54, O55, O56, O57, O58, O59, O60, O61, O62, 62D₁, O63, O64, O65, O66, O68, O69, O70, O71, O73 (e.g., O73 (strain 73-1)), O74, O75, O76, O77, O78, O79, O80, O81, O82, O83, O84, O85, O86, O87, O88, O89, O90, O91, O92, O93, O95, O96, O97, O98, O99, O100, O101, O102, O103, O104, O105, O106, O107, O108, O109, O110, O111, O112, O113, O114, O115, O116, O117, O118, O119, O120, O121, O123, O124, O125, O126, O127, O128, O129, O130, O131, O132, O133, O134, O135, O136, O137, O138, O139, O140, O141, O142, O143, O144, O145, O146, O147, O148, O149, O150, O151, O152, O153, O154, O155, O156, O157, O158, O159, O160, O161, O162, O163, O164, O165, O166, O167, O168, O169, O170, O171, O172, O173, O174, O175, O176, O177, O178, O179, O180, O181, O182, O183, O184, O185, O186, and O187.

The individual polysaccharides are typically purified (enriched with respect to the amount of polysaccharide-protein conjugate) through methods known in the art, such as, for example, dialysis, concentration operations, diafiltration operations, tangential flow filtration, precipitation, elution, centrifugation, precipitation, ultra-filtration, depth filtration, and/or column chromatography (ion exchange chromatography, multimodal ion exchange chromatography, DEAE, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography). Preferably, the polysaccharides are purified through a method that includes tangential flow filtration.

Purified polysaccharides may be activated (e.g., chemically activated) to make them capable of reacting (e.g., either directly to the carrier protein or via a linker such as an eTEC spacer) and then incorporated into glycoconjugates of the invention, as further described herein.

In one preferred embodiment, the saccharide of the invention is derived from an E. coli serotype, wherein the serotype is O25a. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O25b. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O1A. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O2. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O6. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O17. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O15. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O18A. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O75. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O4. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O16. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O13. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O7. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O8. In another preferred embodiment, the serotype is O9.

As used herein, reference to any of the serotypes listed above, refers to a serotype that encompasses a repeating unit structure (O-unit, as described below) known in the art and is unique to the corresponding serotype. For example, the term “O25a” serotype (also known in the art as serotype “O25”) refers to a serotype that encompasses Formula O25 shown in Table 1. As another example, the term “O25b” serotype refers to a serotype that encompasses Formula O25b shown in Table 1.

As used herein, the serotypes are referred generically herein unless specified otherwise such that, for example, the term Formula “O18” refers generically to encompass Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula 18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1.

As used herein, the term “O1” refers generically to encompass the species of Formula that include the generic term “O1” in the Formula name according to Table 1, such as any one of Formula O1A, Formula O1A1, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C, each of which is shown in Table 1. Accordingly, an “O1 serotype” refers generically to a serotype that encompasses any one of Formula O1A, Formula O1A1, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C.

As used herein, the term “O6” refers generically to species of Formula that include the generic term “O6” in the Formula name according to Table 1, such as any one of Formula O6:K2; K13; K15; and O6:K54, each of which is shown in Table 1. Accordingly, an “O6 serotype” refers generically to a serotype that encompasses any one of Formula O6:K2; K13; K15; and O6:K54.

Other examples of terms that refer generically to species of a Formula that include the generic term in the Formula name according to Table 1 include: “O4”, “O5”, “O18”, and “O45”.

As used herein, the term “O2” refers to Formula O2 shown in Table 1. The term “O2 O-antigen” refers to a saccharide that encompasses Formula O2 shown in Table 1.

As used herein, reference to an O-antigen from a serotype listed above refers to a saccharide that encompasses the formula labeled with the corresponding serotype name. For example, the term “O25B O-antigen” refers to a saccharide that encompasses Formula O25B shown in Table 1.

As another example, the term “O1 O-antigen” generically refers to a saccharide that encompasses a Formula including the term “O1,” such as the Formula O1A, Formula O1A1, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C, each of which are shown in Table 1.

As another example, the term “O6 O-antigen” generically refers to a saccharide that encompasses a Formula including the term “O6,” such as Formula O6:K2; Formula O6:K13; Formula O6:K15 and Formula O6:K54, each of which are shown in Table 1.

O-Polysaccharide

As used herein, the term “O-polysaccharide” refers to any structure that includes an O-antigen, provided that the structure does not include a whole cell or Lipid A. For example, in one embodiment, the O-polysaccharide includes a lipopolysaccharide wherein the Lipid A is not bound. The step of removing Lipid A is known in the art and includes, as an example, heat treatment with addition of an acid. An exemplary process includes treatment with 1% acetic acid at 100° C. for 90 minutes. This process is combined with a process of isolating Lipid A as removed. An exemplary process for isolating Lipid A includes ultracentrifugation.

In one embodiment, the O-polysaccharide refers to a structure that consists of the O-antigen, in which case, the O-polysaccharide is synonymous with the term O-antigen. In one preferred embodiment, the O-polysaccharide refers to a structure that includes repeating units of the O-antigen, without the core saccharide. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the O-polysaccharide does not include an E. coli R1 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide does not include an E. coli R2 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide does not include an E. coli R3 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide does not include an E. coli R4 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide does not include an E. coli K12 core moiety. In another preferred embodiment, the O-polysaccharide refers to a structure that includes an O-antigen and a core saccharide. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide refers to a structure that includes an O-antigen, a core saccharide, and a KDO moiety.

Methods of purifying an O-polysaccharide, which includes the core oligosaccharide, from LPS are known in the art. For example, after purification of LPS, purified LPS may be hydrolyzed by heating in 1% (v/v) acetic acid for 90 minutes at 100 degrees Celsius, followed by ultracentrifugation at 142,000×g for 5 hours at 4 degrees Celsius. The supernatant containing the O-polysaccharide is freeze-dried and stored at 4 degrees Celsius. In certain embodiments, deletion of capsule synthesis genes to enable simple purification of O-polysaccharide is described.

The O-polysaccharide can be isolated by methods including, but not limited to mild acid hydrolysis to remove lipid A from LPS. Other embodiments may include use of hydrazine as an agent for O-polysaccharide preparation. Preparation of LPS can be accomplished by known methods in the art.

In certain embodiments, the O-polysaccharides purified from wild-type, modified, or attenuated Gram-negative bacterial strains that express (not necessarily overexpress) a Wzz protein (e.g., wzzB) are provided for use in conjugate vaccines. In preferred embodiments, the O-polysaccharide chain is purified from the Gram-negative bacterial strain expressing (not necessarily overexpressing) wzz protein for use as a vaccine antigen either as a conjugate or complexed vaccine.

In one embodiment, the O-polysaccharide has a molecular weight that is increased by about 1-fold, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 11-fold, 12-fold, 13-fold, 14-fold, 15-fold, 16-fold, 17-fold, 18-fold, 19-fold, 20-fold, 21-fold, 22-fold, 23-fold, 24-fold, 25-fold, 26-fold, 27-fold, 28-fold, 29-fold, 30-fold, 31-fold, 32-fold, 33-fold, 34-fold, 35-fold, 36-fold, 37-fold, 38-fold, 39-fold, 40-fold, 41-fold, 42-fold, 43-fold, 44-fold, 45-fold, 46-fold, 47-fold, 48-fold, 49-fold, 50-fold, 51-fold, 52-fold, 53-fold, 54-fold, 55-fold, 56-fold, 57-fold, 58-fold, 59-fold, 60-fold, 61-fold, 62-fold, 63-fold, 64-fold, 65-fold, 66-fold, 67-fold, 68-fold, 69-fold, 70-fold, 71-fold, 72-fold, 73-fold, 74-fold, 75-fold, 76-fold, 77-fold, 78-fold, 79-fold, 80-fold, 81-fold, 82-fold, 83-fold, 84-fold, 85-fold, 86-fold, 87-fold, 88-fold, 89-fold, 90-fold, 91-fold, 92-fold, 93-fold, 94-fold, 95-fold, 96-fold, 97-fold, 98-fold, 99-fold, 100-fold or more, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the O-polysaccharide has a molecular weight that is increased by at least 1-fold and at most 5-fold, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide has a molecular weight that is increased by at least 2-fold and at most 4-fold, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. An increase in molecular weight of the O-polysaccharide, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide, is preferably associated with an increase in number of O-antigen repeat units. In one embodiment, the increase in molecular weight of the O-polysaccharide is due to the wzz family protein.

In one embodiment, the O-polysaccharide has a molecular weight that is increased by about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 kDa or more, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. In one embodiment, the O-polysaccharide of the invention has a molecular weight that is increased by at least 1 and at most 200 kDa, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 5 and at most 200 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 200 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 12 and at most 200 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 15 and at most 200 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 18 and at most 200 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 20 and at most 200 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 21 and at most 200 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 22 and at most 200 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 30 and at most 200 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 1 and at most 100 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 5 and at most 100 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 100 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 12 and at most 100 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 15 and at most 100 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 20 and at most 100 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 1 and at most 75 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 5 and at most 75 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 75 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 12 and at most 75 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 15 and at most 75 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 18 and at most 75 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 20 and at most 75 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 30 and at most 75 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 90 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 12 and at most 85 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 75 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 70 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 60 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 50 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 49 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 48 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 47 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 10 and at most 46 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 20 and at most 45 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 20 and at most 44 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 20 and at most 43 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 20 and at most 42 kDa. In one embodiment, the molecular weight is increased by at least 20 and at most 41 kDa. Such an increase in molecular weight of the O-polysaccharide, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide, is preferably associated with an increase in number of O-antigen repeat units. In one embodiment, the increase in molecular weight of the O-polysaccharide is due to the wzz family protein. See, for example, Table 21.

In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide includes any one Formula selected from Table 1, wherein the number of repeat units n in the O-polysaccharide is greater than the number of repeat units in the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or more repeat units. Preferably, the saccharide includes an increase of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 repeat units, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. See, for example, Table 21.

O-Antigen

The O-antigen is part of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The O-antigen is on the cell surface and is a variable cell constituent. The variability of the O-antigen provides a basis for serotyping of Gram-negative bacteria. The current E. coli serotyping scheme includes O-polysaccharides 1 to 181.

The O-antigen includes oligosaccharide repeating units (O-units), the wild type structure of which usually contains two to eight residues from a broad range of sugars. The O-units of exemplary E. coli O-antigens are shown in Table 1, see also FIG. 9A-C and FIG. 10A-B.

In one embodiment, saccharide of the invention may be one oligosaccharide unit. In one embodiment, saccharide of the invention is one repeating oligosaccharide unit of the relevant serotype. In such embodiments, the saccharide may include a structure selected from any one of Formula O8, Formula O9a, Formula O9, Formula O20ab, Formula O20ac, Formula O52, Formula O97, and Formula O101.

In one embodiment, saccharide of the invention may be oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides have a low number of repeat units (typically 5-15 repeat units) and are typically derived synthetically or by hydrolysis of polysaccharides. In such embodiments, the saccharide may include a structure selected from any one of Formula O8, Formula O9a, Formula O9, Formula O20ab, Formula O20ac, Formula O52, Formula O97, and Formula O101.

Preferably, all of the saccharides of the present invention and in the immunogenic compositions of the present invention are polysaccharides. High molecular weight polysaccharides may induce certain antibody immune responses due to the epitopes present on the antigenic surface. The isolation and purification of high molecular weight polysaccharides are preferably contemplated for use in the conjugates, compositions and methods of the present invention.

In some embodiments, the number of repeat O units in each individual O-antigen polymer (and therefore the length and molecular weight of the polymer chain) depends on the wzz chain length regulator, an inner membrane protein. Different wzz proteins confer different ranges of modal lengths (4 to >100 repeat units). The term “modal length” refers to the number of repeating O-units. Gram-negative bacteria often have two different Wzz proteins that confer two distinct OAg modal chain lengths, one longer and one shorter. The expression (not necessarily the overexpression) of wzz family proteins (e.g., wzzB) in Gram-negative bacteria may allow for the manipulation of O-antigen length, to shift or to bias bacterial production of O-antigens of certain length ranges, and to enhance production of high-yield large molecular weight lipopolysaccharides. In one embodiment, a “short” modal length as used herein refers to a low number of repeat O-units, e.g., 1-20. In one embodiment, a “long” modal length as used herein refers to a number of repeat O-units greater than 20 and up to a maximum of 40. In one embodiment, a “very long” modal length as used herein refers to greater than 40 repeat O-units.

In one embodiment, the saccharide produced has an increase of at least 10 repeating units, 15 repeating units, 20 repeating units, 25 repeating units, 30 repeating units, 35 repeating units, 40 repeating units, 45 repeating units, 50 repeating units, 55 repeating units, 60 repeating units, 65 repeating units, 70 repeating units, 75 repeating units, 80 repeating units, 85 repeating units, 90 repeating units, 95 repeating units, or 100 repeating units, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide.

In another embodiment, the saccharide of the invention has an increase of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or more repeat units, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. Preferably, the saccharide includes an increase of at least 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, or 50 repeat units, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. See, for example, Table 21. Methods of determining the length of saccharides are known in the art. Such methods include nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, and size exclusion chromatography, as described in Example 5.

Methods of determining the number of repeat units in the saccharide are also known in the art. For example, the number of repeat units (or “n” in the Formula) may be calculated by dividing the molecular weight of the polysaccharide (without the molecular weight of the core saccharide or KDO residue) by the molecular weight of the repeat unit (i.e., molecular weight of the structure in the corresponding Formula, shown for example in Table 1, which may be theoretically calculated as the sum of the molecular weight of each monosaccharide within the Formula). The molecular weight of each monosaccharide within the Formula is known in the art. The molecular weight of a repeat unit of Formula O25b, for example, is about 862 Da. The molecular weight of a repeat unit of Formula O1a, for example, is about 845 Da. The molecular weight of a repeat unit of Formula O2, for example, is about 829 Da. The molecular weight of a repeat unit of Formula O6, for example, is about 893 Da. When determining the number of repeat units in a conjugate, the carrier protein molecular weight and the protein:polysaccharide ratio is factored into the calculation. As defined herein, “n” refers to the number of repeating units (represented in brackets in Table 1) in a polysaccharide molecule. As is known in the art, in biological macromolecules, repeating structures may be interspersed with regions of imperfect repeats, such as, for example, missing branches. In addition, it is known in the art that polysaccharides isolated and purified from natural sources such as bacteria may be heterogenous in size and in branching. In such a case, n may represent an average or median value for n for the molecules in a population.

In one embodiment, the O-polysaccharide has an increase of at least one repeat unit of an O-antigen, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. The repeat units of O-antigens are shown in Table 1. In one embodiment, the O-polysaccharide includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or more total repeat units. Preferably, the saccharide has a total of at least 3 to at most 80 repeat units. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide has an increase of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100 or more repeat units, as compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide.

In one embodiment, the saccharide includes an O-antigen wherein n in any of the O-antigen formulas (such as, for example, the Formulas shown in Table 1 (see also FIG. 9A-C and FIG. 10A-B)) is an integer of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, and at most 200, 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 87, 86, 81, 80, 79, 78, 77, 76, 75, 74, 73, 72, 71, 70, 69, 68, 67, 66, 65, 60, 59, 58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, or 50. Any minimum value and any maximum value may be combined to define a range. Exemplary ranges include, for example, at least 1 to at most 1000; at least 10 to at most 500; and at least 20 to at most 80, preferably at most 90. In one preferred embodiment, n is at least 31 to at most 90. In a preferred embodiment, n is 40 to 90, more preferably 60 to 85.

In one embodiment, the saccharide includes an O-antigen wherein n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 1 and at most 200. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 5 and at most 200. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 10 and at most 200. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 25 and at most 200. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 50 and at most 200. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 75 and at most 200. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 100 and at most 200. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 125 and at most 200. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 150 and at most 200. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 175 and at most 200. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 1 and at most 100. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 5 and at most 100. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 10 and at most 100. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 25 and at most 100. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 50 and at most 100. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 75 and at most 100. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 1 and at most 75. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 5 and at most 75. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 10 and at most 75. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 20 and at most 75. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 25 and at most 75. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 30 and at most 75. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 40 and at most 75. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 50 and at most 75. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 30 and at most 90. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 35 and at most 85. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 35 and at most 75. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 35 and at most 70. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 35 and at most 60. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 35 and at most 50. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 35 and at most 49. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 35 and at most 48. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 35 and at most 47. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 35 and at most 46. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 36 and at most 45. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 37 and at most 44. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 38 and at most 43. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 39 and at most 42. In one embodiment, n in any one of the O-antigen Formulas is at least 39 and at most 41.

For example, in one embodiment, n in the saccharide is 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, or 90, most preferably 40. In another embodiment, n is at least 35 to at most 60. For example, in one embodiment, n is any one of 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, and 60, preferably 50. In another preferred embodiment, n is at least 55 to at most 75. For example, in one embodiment, n is 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, or 69, most preferably 60.

The saccharide structure may be determined by methods and tools known art, such as, for example, NMR, including 1D, 1H, and/or 13C, 2D TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, and/or HMQC.

In some embodiments, the purified polysaccharide before conjugation has a molecular weight of between 5 kDa and 400 kDa. In other such embodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between 10 kDa and 400 kDa; between 5 kDa and 400 kDa; between 5 kDa and 300 kDa; between 5 kDa and 200 kDa; between 5 kDa and 150 kDa; between 10 kDa and 100 kDa; between 10 kDa and 75 kDa; between 10 kDa and 60 kDa; between 10 kDa and 40 kDa; between 10 kDa and 100 kDa; 10 kDa and 200 kDa; between 15 kDa and 150 kDa; between 12 kDa and 120 kDa; between 12 kDa and 75 kDa; between 12 kDa and 50 kDa; between 12 and 60 kDa; between 35 kDa and 75 kDa; between 40 kDa and 60 kDa; between 35 kDa and 60 kDa; between 20 kDa and 60 kDa; between 12 kDa and 20 kDa; or between 20 kDa and 50 kDa. In further embodiments, the polysaccharide has a molecular weight of between 7 kDa to 15 kDa; 8 kDa to 16 kDa; 9 kDa to 25 kDa; 10 kDa to 100; 10 kDa to 60 kDa; 10 kDa to 70 kDa; 10 kDa to 160 kDa; 15 kDa to 600 kDa; 20 kDa to 1000 kDa; 20 kDa to 600 kDa; 20 kDa to 400 kDa; 30 kDa to 1,000 KDa; 30 kDa to 60 kDa; 30 kDa to 50 kDa or 5 kDa to 60 kDa. Any whole number integer within any of the above ranges is contemplated as an embodiment of the disclosure.

As used herein, the term “molecular weight” of polysaccharide or of carrier protein-polysaccharide conjugate refers to molecular weight calculated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) combined with multiangle laser light scattering detector (MALLS).

A polysaccharide can become slightly reduced in size during normal purification procedures. Additionally, as described herein, polysaccharide can be subjected to sizing techniques before conjugation. Mechanical or chemical sizing maybe employed. Chemical hydrolysis may be conducted using acetic acid. Mechanical sizing may be conducted using High Pressure Homogenization Shearing. The molecular weight ranges mentioned above refer to purified polysaccharides before conjugation (e.g., before activation).

TABLE 1 E. coli serogroups/serotypes and O-unit moieties

Moiety structure Serogroup/ referred to Serotype Moiety Structure (O-unit) herein as: O1A, O1A1 [→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-β-L-Rha-(1→4)-β-D- Formula O1A GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-ManNac-(1→2)]_(n) O1B [→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D- Formula GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-ManNac-(1→2)]_(n) O1B O1C [→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D- Formula GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-ManNAc-(1→2)]_(n) O1C O2 [→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-β-L-Rha-(1→4)-βD- Formula O2 GlcNAc-(1→|α-D-Fuc3NAc-(1→2)]_(n) O3 [β-L-RhaNAc(1→4)α-D-Glc-(1→4)||→3)-β-D-GlcNAc- Formula O3 (1→3)-α-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O4:K52 [→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-L-FucNAc-(1→3)-β- Formula D-GlcNAc(1→]_(n) O4:K52 O4:K6 [α-D-Glc-(1→3)|→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-L- Formula FucNAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc(1→]_(n) O4:K6 O5ab [→4)-β-D-Qui3NAc-(1→3)-β-D-Ribf-(1→4)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)-α- Formula D-GalNAc(1→]_(n) O5ab O5ac (strain [→2)-β-D-Qui3NAc-(1→3)-β-D-Ribf-(1→4)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)-α- Formula 180/C3) D-GalNAc(1→]_(n) O5ac (strain 180/C3) O6:K2; K13; [→4)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Man-(1→4)-β-D-Man-(1→3)-α- Formula K15 D-GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-Glc-(1→2)]_(n) O6:K2, K13; K15 O6:K54 [→4)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Man-(1→4)-β-D-Man-(1→3)-α- Formula D-GlcNAc(1→|β-D-GlcNAc-(1→2)]_(n) O6:K54 O7 [α-L-Rha-(1→3)|→3)-β-D-Qui4NAc-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→4)- Formula O7 β-D-Gal-(1→)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O10 [→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D- Formula GlcNAc-(1→|α-Fuc4NAcyl-(1→2) Acyl = acetyl (60%) or O10 (R)-3-hydroxybutyryl (40%)]_(n) O16 [→2)-β-D-Galf-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-L-Rha2Ac-(1→3)-α- Formula D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O16 O17 [α-D-Glc-(1→6)|→6)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-β-D- Formula Man-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc(1→]_(n) O17 O18A, O18ac [→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-α-D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D- Formula GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-GlcNAc-(1→3)]_(n) O18A, Formula O18ac O18A1 [α-D-Glc-(1→6)|→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-α-D- Formula Gal-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-GlcNAc-(1→3)]_(n) O18A1 O18B [→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-α-D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D- Formula GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-Glc-(1→3)]_(n) O18B O18B1 [α-D-Glc-(1→4)|→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-α-D- Formula Gal-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-Glc-(1→)]_(n) O18B1 O21 [β-D-Gal-(1→4)|→3)-β-D-Gal-(1→4)-β-D-Glc-(1→3)-β-D- Formula GalNAc-(1→|β-D-GlcNAc-(1→2)]_(n) O21 O23A [α-D-Glc-(1→6)|→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D- Formula GalNAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-GlcNAc(1→3)]_(n) O23A O24 [→7)-α-Neu5Ac-(2→3)-β-D-Glc-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→|α- Formula D-Glc-(1→2)]_(n) O24 O25/O25a [β-D-Glc-(1→6)|→4)-α-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-L-FucNAc-(1→3)-β- Formula D-GlcNAc-(1→|α-L-Rha-(1→3)]_(n) O25a O25b

Formula O25b O26 [→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→4)-α-L-FucNAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc- Formula (1→]_(n) O26 O28 [→2)-(R)-Gro-1-P→4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→3)-β-D-Galf2Ac- Formula (1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O28 O36

Formula O36 O44 [α-D-Glc-(1→4)|→6)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-β-D- Formula Man-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc(1→]_(n) O44 O45 [→2)-β-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-L-6dTal2Ac-(1→3)-α-D-FucNAc- Formula (1→]_(n) O45 O45rel [→2)-β-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-L-6dTal2Ac-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc- Formula (1→]_(n) O45rel O54 [→4)-α-d-GalpA-(1→2)-α-l-Rhap-(1→2)-β-d-Ribf-(1→4)- Formula O54 β-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-GlcpNac-(1→]n O55 [→6)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→3)-α-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→| Formula α-Col-(1→2)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)]_(n) O55 O56 [→7)-α-Neu5Ac-(2→3)-β-D-Glc-(1→)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→|α- Formula D-Gal-(1→2)]_(n) O56 O57

Formula O57 O58 [3-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-α-L-Rha-(1→3)|→4)-α-D-Man- Formula (1→4)-α-D-Man2Ac-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O58 O64 [β-D-Gal-(1→6)|→3)-α-D-ManNAc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcA-(1→3)- Formula β-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc(1→]_(n) O64 O68

Formula O68 O69 [→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D Formula GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O69 O73 (Strain 73- [α-D-Glc-(1→3)|→4)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-β-D- Formula O73 1) Man-(1→3)-α-D-GalNAc(1→]_(n) (Strain 73-1) O74

Formula O74 O75 [β-D-Ma-(1→4)|→3)-α-D-Gal-(1→4)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-β-D- Formula GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O75 O76 [→4)-β-D-GlcpA-(1→4)-β-D-GalpNAc3Ac-(1→4)-α-D- Formula O76 GalpNAc-(1→3)-β-D-GalpNac-(1→]n O77 [→6)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-β-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D- Formula GlcNAc(1→]_(n) O77 O78 [→4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-β-D-Man-(1→4)-α-D-Man-(1→3)- Formula β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O78 O86 [α-D-Gal-(1→3)|→4)-α-L-Fuc-(1→2)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D- Formula GalNAc-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→]_(n) O86 O88 [α-L-6dTal-(1→3)|→4)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→)-β- Formula D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O88 O90 [→4)-α-L-Fuc2/3Ac-(1→2)-β-D-Gal-(1→3))-α-D-GalNAc- Formula (1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→]_(n) O90 O98 [→3)-α-L-QuiNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GalNAcA-(1→3)-α-L-QuiNAc- Formula (1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O98 O104 [→4)-α-D-Gal-(1→4)-α-Neu5,7,9Ac₃-(2→3)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)- Formula β-D-GalNAc-(1→]_(n) O104 O111 [α-Col-(1→6)|→4)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-α-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D- Formula GlcNAc-(1→|α-Col-(1→3)]_(n) O111 O113 [→4)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GalA-(1→3)-α-D-Ga-(1→3)- Formula β-D-GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-Gal-(1→3)]_(n) O113 O114 [→4)-β-D-Qui3N(N-acetyl-L-seryl)-(1→3)-β-D-Ribf-(1→4)-β- Formula D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc(1→]_(n) O114 O119 [β-D-RhaNAc3NFo-(1→3)|→2)-β-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Gal- Formula (1→4)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O119 O121 1→3)-β-D-Qui4N(N-acetyl-glycyl)-(1→4)-α-D- Formula GalNAc3AcA6N-(1→4)-α-D-GalNAcA-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc- O121 (1→]_(n) O124 [4-O-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-β-D-Glc-(1→6)-α-D-Glc(1→4) Formula |→3)-α-D-Gal-(1→6)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→]_(n) O124 O125 [α-D-Glc-(1→3)|→4)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)- Formula α-L-Fuc-(1→3)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→|β-D-Gal-(1→3)]_(n) O125 O126 [→2)-β-D-Man-(1→3)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→3)-β- Formula D-GlcNAc-(1→|α-L-Fuc-(1→2)]_(n) O126 O127 [→2)-α-L-Fuc-(1→2)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→3)-α- Formula D-GalNac-(1→]_(n) O127 O128 [α-L-Fuc-(1→2)|→6)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→4)-α- Formula D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→]_(n) O128 O136 [→4)-β-Pse5Ac7Ac-(2→4)-β-D-Gal-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc- Formula (1→β-Pse5Ac7Ac = 5,7-diacetamido-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-L- O136 glycero-β-L-manno-nonulosonic acid]_(n) O138 [→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→4)-α-D-GalNAcA-(1→3)- Formula β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O138 O140

Formula O140 O141 [α-L-Rha-(1→3)|→4)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man6Ac-(1→3)- Fomrula β-D-GlcNAc-(1→|β-D-GlcA-(1→2)]_(n) O141 O142 [→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→6)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GalNAc- Formula (1→3)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→|β-D-GlcNAc-(1→3)]_(n) O142 O143 [→2)-β-D-GalA6R3,4Ac-(1→3)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→4)-β-D- Formula GlcA-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→R = 1,3-dihydroxy-2- O143 propylamino]_(n) O147 [→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→4)-β-D-GalA-(1→3)-β-D- Formula GalNAc-(1→]_(n) O147 O149 [→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(S)-4,6Py-(1→3)-β-L-Rha-(1→4)-β-D- Formula GlcNAc-(1→(S)-4,6Py = 4,6-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethylidene]-]_(n) O149 O152 [β-L-Rha-(1→4)|→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1-P→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→2)- Formula β-D-Glc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O152 O157 [→2)-α-D-Rha4NAc-(1→3)-α-L-Fuc-(1→4)-β-D-Glc-(1→3)-α- Formula D-GalNAc-(1→]_(n) O157 O158 [α-D-Glc-(1→6)|→4)-α-D-Glc-(1→3)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→)-β- Formula D-GalNAc-(1→|α-L-Rha-(1→3)]_(n) O158 O159 [α-L-Fuc-(1→4)|→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GalA-(1→3)- Formula α-L-Fuc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O159 O164 [β-D-Glc-(1→6)-α-D-Glc(1→4)|→3)-β-D-Gal-(1→6)-β-D- Formula Galf-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→]_(n) O164 O173 [α-L-Fuc-(1→4)|→3)-α-D-Glc-(1-P→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→)-β-D- Formula Glc-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O173 62D₁ [α-D-Gal(1→6)|→2)-β-D-Qui3NAc-(1→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-β- Formula Suggested as D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D-FucNAc-(1→]_(n) 62D₁ Erwinia herbicola O22 [→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-β-D-GlcA-(1→4)-β-D-GalNAc3Ac- Formula (1→3)-α-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→]_(n) O22 O35 [→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-L- Formula Rha-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→|α-D-GalNAcA6N-(1→2)]_(n) O35 O65 [→2)-β-D-Qui3NAc-(1→4)-α-D-GalA6N-(1→4)-α-D-GalNac- Fomrula (1→4)-β-D-GalA-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O65 O66 [→2)-β-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→2)-β-D-Glc3Ac- Formula (1→3)-α-L-6dTal-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc(1→]_(n) O66 O83 [→6)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-β-D-GlcA-(1→6)-β-D-Gal-(1→4)-β-D- Formula Gal-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O83 O91 [→4)-α-D-Qui3NAcyl-(1→4)-β-D-Gal-(1→4)-β-D-GlcNAc- Formula (1→4)-β-D-GlcA6NGly-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→Acyl = (R)-3- O91 hydroxybutyryl]_(n) O105 [β-D-Ribf-(1→3)|→4)-α-D-GlcA2Ac3Ac-(1→2)-α-L-Rha4Ac- Formula (1→3)-β-L-Rha-(1→4)-β-L-Rha-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc6Ac- O105 (1→]_(n) O116 [→2)-β-D-Qui4NAc-(1→6)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-α-D-GalNAc- Formula (1→4)-α-D-GalA-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O116 O117 [→4)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→4)-α-D-Glc-(1→4)-β- Formula D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D-GalNAc-(1→]_(n) O117 O139 [β-D-Glc-(1→3)|→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→4)-α-D-GalA-(1→2)-α-L- Formula Rha-(1→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→2)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc- O139 (1→]_(n) O153 [→2)-β-D-Ribf-(1→4)-β-D-Gal-(1→4)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→4)-β- Formula D-Gal-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O153 O167 [α-D-Galf-(1→4)|→2)-β-D-GalA6N(L)Ala-(1→3)-α-D- Formula GlcNAc-(1→2)-β-D-Galf-(1→5)-β-D-Galf-(1→3)-β-D-GlcNAc- O167 (1→]_(n) O172 [→3)-α-L-FucNAc-(1→4)-α-D-Glc6Ac-(1-P→4)-α-D-Glc- Formula (1→3)-α-L-FucNAc-(1→3)-α-D-GlcNAc-(1→]_(n) O172 08 [→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-β-D-Man-(1→]_(n) Formula O8 09a [→2)-α-D-Man-(1→2)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D- Formula O9a Man-(1→]_(n) 09 [→2)-[α-D-Man-(1→2)]₂-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α-D-Man-(1→3)-α- Formula O9 D-Man-(1→]_(n) 020ab [→2)-β-D-Ribf-(1→4)-α-D-Gal-(1→]_(n) Formula O20ab 020ac [a-D-Gal-(1→3)|→2)-β-D-Ribf-(1→4)-α-D-Gal-(1→]_(n) Formula O20ac 052 [→3)-β-D-Fucf-(1→3)-β-D-6dmanHep2Ac-(1→]_(n) Formula O52 097 [→3)-α-L-Rha-(1→3)-β-L-Rha-(1→||β-D-Xulf-(2→2)β-D- Formula O97 Xulf-(2→2)]_(n) † β-D-6dmanHep2Ac is 2-O-acetyl-6-deoxy-β-D-manno-heptopyranosyl. ‡ β-D-Sulf is β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl.

indicates data missing or illegible when filed

Core Oligosaccharide

The core oligosaccharide is positioned between Lipid A and the O-antigen outer region in wild-type E. coli LPS. More specifically, the core oligosaccharide is the part of the polysaccharide that includes the bond between the O-antigen and the lipid A in wild type E. coli. This bond includes a ketosidic bond between the hemiketal function of the innermost 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO)) residue and a hydroxyl-group of a GlcNAc-residue of the lipid A. The core oligosaccharide region shows a high degree of similarity among wild-type E. coli strains. It usually includes a limited number of sugars. The core oligosaccharide includes an inner core region and an outer core region.

More specifically, the inner core is composed primarily of L-glycero-D-manno-heptose (heptose) and KDO residues. The inner core is highly conserved. A KDO residue includes the following Formula KDO:

The outer region of the core oligosaccharide displays more variation than the inner core region, and differences in this region distinguish the five chemotypes in E. coli: R1, R2, R3, R4, and K-12. See FIG. 17, which illustrates generalized structures of the carbohydrate backbone of the outer core oligosaccharides of the five known chemotypes. HepII is the last residue of the inner core oligosaccharide. While all of the outer core oligosaccharides share a structural theme, with a (hexose)₃ carbohydrate backbone and two side chain residues, the order of hexoses in the backbone and the nature, position, and linkage of the side chain residues can all vary. The structures for the R1 and R4 outer core oligosaccharides are highly similar, differing in only a single β-linked residue.

The core oligosaccharides of wild-type E. coli are categorized in the art based on the structures of the distal oligosaccharide, into five different chemotypes: E. coli R1, E. coli R2, E. coli R3, E. coli R4, and E. coli K12.

In a preferred embodiment, the compositions described herein include glycoconjugates in which the O-polysaccharide includes a core oligosaccharide bound to the O-antigen. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least any one of the core E. coli chemotypes E. coli R1, E. coli R2, E. coli R3, E. coli R4, and E. coli K12. In another embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least two core E. coli chemotypes. In another embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least three core E. coli chemotypes. In another embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least four core E. coli chemotypes. In another embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against all five core E. coli chemotypes.

In another preferred embodiment, the compositions described herein include glycoconjugates in which the O-polysaccharide does not include a core oligosaccharide bound to the O-antigen. In one embodiment, such a composition induces an immune response against at least any one of the core E. coli chemotypes E. coli R1, E. coli R2, E. coli R3, E. coli R4, and E. coli K12, despite the glycoconjugate having an O-polysaccharide that does not include a core oligosaccharide.

E. coli serotypes may be characterized according to one of the five chemotypes. Table 2 lists exemplary serotypes characterized according to chemotype. The serotypes in bold represent the serotypes that are most commonly associated with the indicated core chemotype. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least any one of the core E. coli chemotypes E. coli R1, E. coli R2, E. coli R3, E. coli R4, and E. coli K12, which includes an immune response against any one of the respective corresponding E. coli serotypes.

TABLE 2 Core Chemotype and associated E. coli Serotype Core chemotype Serotype R1 O25a, O6, O2, O1, O75, O4, O16, O8, O18, O9, O13, O20, O21, O91, and O163. R2 O21, O44, O11, O89, O162, O9 R3 O25b, O15, O153, O21, O17, O11, O159, O22 O86, O93 R4 O2, O1, O86, O7, O102, O160, O166 K-12 O25b, O16

In some embodiments, the composition includes a saccharide that includes a structure derived from a serotype having an R1 chemotype, e.g., selected from a saccharide having Formula O25a, Formula O6, Formula O2, Formula O1, Formula O75, Formula O4, Formula O16, Formula O8, Formula O18, Formula O9, Formula O13, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O91, and Formula O163, wherein n is 1 to 100. In some embodiments, the saccharide in said composition further includes an E. coli R1 core moiety, e.g., shown in FIG. 17.

In some embodiments, the composition includes a saccharide that includes a structure derived from a serotype having an R1 chemotype, e.g., selected from a saccharide having Formula O25a, Formula O6, Formula O2, Formula O1, Formula O75, Formula O4, Formula O16, Formula O18, Formula O13, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O91, and Formula O163, wherein n is 1 to 100, preferably 31 to 100, more preferably 35 to 90, most preferably 35 to 65. In some embodiments, the saccharide in said composition further includes an E. coli R1 core moiety in the saccharide.

In some embodiments, the composition includes a saccharide that includes a structure derived from a serotype having an R2 chemotype, e.g., selected from a saccharide having Formula O21, Formula O44, Formula O11, Formula O89, Formula O162, and Formula O9, wherein n is 1 to 100, preferably 31 to 100, more preferably 35 to 90, most preferably 35 to 65. In some embodiments, the saccharide in said composition further includes an E. coli R2 core moiety, e.g., shown in FIG. 17.

In some embodiments, the composition includes a saccharide that includes a structure derived from a serotype having an R3 chemotype, e.g., selected from a saccharide having Formula O25b, Formula O15, Formula O153, Formula O21, Formula O17, Formula O11, Formula O159, Formula O22, Formula O86, and Formula O93, wherein n is 1 to 100, preferably 31 to 100, more preferably 35 to 90, most preferably 35 to 65. In some embodiments, the saccharide in said composition further includes an E. coli R3 core moiety, e.g., shown in FIG. 17.

In some embodiments, the composition includes a saccharide that includes a structure derived from a serotype having an R4 chemotype, e.g., selected from a saccharide having Formula O2, Formula O1, Formula O86, Formula O7, Formula O102, Formula O160, and Formula O166, wherein n is 1 to 100, preferably 31 to 100, more preferably 35 to 90, most preferably 35 to 65. In some embodiments, the saccharide in said composition further includes an E. coli R4 core moiety, e.g., shown in FIG. 17.

In some embodiments, the composition includes a saccharide that includes a structure derived from a serotype having an K-12 chemotype (e.g., selected from a saccharide having Formula O25b and a saccharide having Formula O16), wherein n is 1 to 1000, preferably 31 to 100, more preferably 35 to 90, most preferably 35 to 65. In some embodiments, the saccharide in said composition further includes an E. coli K-12 core moiety, e.g., shown in FIG. 17.

In some embodiments, the saccharide includes the core saccharide. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the O-polysaccharide further includes an E. coli R1 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide further includes an E. coli R2 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide further includes an E. coli R3 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide further includes an E. coli R4 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide further includes an E. coli K12 core moiety.

In some embodiments, the saccharide does not include the core saccharide. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the O-polysaccharide does not include an E. coli R1 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide does not include an E. coli R2 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide does not include an E. coli R3 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide does not include an E. coli R4 core moiety. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide does not include an E. coli K12 core moiety.

Conjugated O-Antigens

Chemical linkage of O-antigens or preferably O-polysaccharides to protein carriers may improve the immunogenicity of the O-antigens or O-polysaccharides. However, variability in polymer size represents a practical challenge for production. In commercial use, the size of the saccharide can influence the compatibility with different conjugation synthesis strategies, product uniformity, and conjugate immunogenicity. Controlling the expression of a Wzz family protein chain length regulator through manipulation of the O-antigen synthesis pathway allows for production of a desired length of O-antigen chains in a variety of Gram-negative bacterial strains, including E. coli.

In one embodiment, the purified saccharides are chemically activated to produce activated saccharides capable of reacting with the carrier protein. Once activated, each saccharide is separately conjugated to a carrier protein to form a conjugate, namely a glycoconjugate. As used herein, the term “glycoconjugate” refers to a saccharide covalently linked to a carrier protein. In one embodiment a saccharide is linked directly to a carrier protein. In another embodiment, a saccharide is linked to a protein through a spacer/linker.

Conjugates may be prepared by schemes that bind the carrier to the O-antigen at one or at multiple sites along the O-antigen, or by schemes that activate at least one residue of the core oligosaccharide.

In one embodiment, each saccharide is conjugated to the same carrier protein.

If the protein carrier is the same for 2 or more saccharides in the composition, the saccharides may be conjugated to the same molecule of the carrier protein (e.g., carrier molecules having 2 or more different saccharides conjugated to it).

In a preferred embodiment, the saccharides are each individually conjugated to different molecules of the protein carrier (each molecule of protein carrier only having one type of saccharide conjugated to it). In said embodiment, the saccharides are said to be individually conjugated to the carrier protein.

The chemical activation of the saccharides and subsequent conjugation to the carrier protein can be achieved by the activation and conjugation methods disclosed herein. After conjugation of the polysaccharide to the carrier protein, the glycoconjugates are purified (enriched with respect to the amount of polysaccharide-protein conjugate) by a variety of techniques. These techniques include concentration/diafiltration operations, precipitation/elution, column chromatography, and depth filtration. After the individual glycoconjugates are purified, they are compounded to formulate the immunogenic composition of the present invention.

Activation.

The present invention further relates to activated polysaccharides produced from any of the embodiments described herein wherein the polysaccharide is activated with a chemical reagent to produce reactive groups for conjugation to a linker or carrier protein. In some embodiments, the saccharide of the invention is activated prior to conjugation to the carrier protein. In some embodiments, the degree of activation does not significantly reduce the molecular weight of the polysaccharide. For example, in some embodiments, the degree of activation does not cleave the polysaccharide backbone. In some embodiments, the degree of activation does not significantly impact the degree of conjugation, as measured by the number of lysine residues modified in the carrier protein, such as, CRM₁₉₇ (as determined by amino acid analysis). For example, in some embodiments, the degree of activation does not significantly increase the number of lysine residues modified (as determined by amino acid analysis) in the carrier protein by 3-fold, as compared to the number of lysine residues modified in the carrier protein of a conjugate with a reference polysaccharide at the same degree of activation. In some embodiments, the degree of activation does not increase the level of unconjugated free saccharide. In some embodiments, the degree of activation does not decrease the optimal saccharide/protein ratio.

In some embodiments, the activated saccharide has a percentage of activation wherein moles of thiol per saccharide repeat unit of the activated saccharide is between 1-100%, such as, for example, between 2-80%, between 2-50%, between 3-30%, and between 4-25%. The degree of activation is at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, ≥20%, ≥30%, ≥40%, ≥50%, ≥60%, ≥70%, ≥80%, or ≥90%, or about 100%. Preferably, the degree of activation is at most 50%, more preferably at most 25%. In one embodiment, the degree of activation is at most 20%. Any minimum value and any maximum value may be combined to define a range.

In one embodiment, the polysaccharide is activated with 1-cyano-4-dimethylamino pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) to form a cyanate ester. The activated polysaccharide is then coupled directly or via a spacer (linker) group to an amino group on the carrier protein (preferably CRM₁₉₇ or tetanus toxoid).

For example, the spacer may be cystamine or cysteamine to give a thiolated polysaccharide which could be coupled to the carrier via a thioether linkage obtained after reaction with a maleimide-activated carrier protein (for example using N—[Y-maleimidobutyrloxy]succinimide ester (GMBS)) or a haloacetylated carrier protein (for example using iodoacetimide, N-succinimidyl bromoacetate (SBA; SIB), N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate (SIAB), sulfosuccinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate (sulfo-SIAB), N-succinimidyl iodoacetate (SIA), or succinimidyl 3-[bromoacetamido]proprionate (SBAP)). In one embodiment, the cyanate ester (optionally made by CDAP chemistry) is coupled with hexane diamine or adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) and the amino-derivatised saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein (e.g., CRM₁₉₇) using carbodiimide (e.g., EDAC or EDC) chemistry via a carboxyl group on the protein carrier.

Other suitable techniques for conjugation use carbodiimides, hydrazides, active esters, norborane, p-nitrobenzoic acid, N-hydroxysuccinimide, S-NHS, EDC, TSTU. Conjugation may involve a carbonyl linker which may be formed by reaction of a free hydroxyl group of the saccharide with CDI followed by reaction with a protein to form a carbamate linkage. This may involve reduction of the anomeric terminus to a primary hydroxyl group, optional protection/deprotection of the primary hydroxyl group, reaction of the primary hydroxyl group with CDI to form a CDI carbamate intermediate and coupling the CDI carbamate intermediate with an amino group on a protein (CDI chemistry).

Molecular Weight.

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate comprises a saccharide having a molecular weight of between 10 kDa and 2,000 kDa. In other embodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between 50 kDa and 1,000 kDa. In other embodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between 70 kDa and 900 kDa. In other embodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between 100 kDa and 800 kDa. In other embodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of between 200 kDa and 600 kDa. In further embodiments, the saccharide has a molecular weight of 100 kDa to 1000 kDa; 100 kDa to 900 kDa; 100 kDa to 800 kDa; 100 kDa to 700 kDa; 100 kDa to 600 kDa; 100 kDa to 500 kDa; 100 kDa to 400 kDa; 100 kDa to 300 kDa; 150 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 150 kDa to 900 kDa; 150 kDa to 800 kDa; 150 kDa to 700 kDa; 150 kDa to 600 kDa; 150 kDa to 500 kDa; 150 kDa to 400 kDa; 150 kDa to 300 kDa; 200 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 200 kDa to 900 kDa; 200 kDa to 800 kDa; 200 kDa to 700 kDa; 200 kDa to 600 kDa; 200 kDa to 500 kDa; 200 kDa to 400 kDa; 200 kDa to 300; 250 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 250 kDa to 900 kDa; 250 kDa to 800 kDa; 250 kDa to 700 kDa; 250 kDa to 600 kDa; 250 kDa to 500 kDa; 250 kDa to 400 kDa; 250 kDa to 350 kDa; 300 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 300 kDa to 900 kDa; 300 kDa to 800 kDa; 300 kDa to 700 kDa; 300 kDa to 600 kDa; 300 kDa to 500 kDa; 300 kDa to 400 kDa; 400 kDa to 1,000 kDa; 400 kDa to 900 kDa; 400 kDa to 800 kDa; 400 kDa to 700 kDa; 400 kDa to 600 kDa; 500 kDa to 600 kDa. In one embodiment, the glycoconjugate having such a molecular weight is produced by single-end conjugation. In another embodiment, the glycoconjugate having such a molecular weight is produced by reductive amination chemistry (RAC) prepared in aqueous buffer. Any whole number integer within any of the above ranges is contemplated as an embodiment of the disclosure.

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate of the invention has a molecular weight of between 400 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 3,000 kDa and 8,000 kDa; or between 3,000 kDa and 5,000 kDa. In other embodiments, the glycoconjugate has a molecular weight of between 500 kDa and 10,000 kDa. In other embodiments, glycoconjugate has a molecular weight of between 1,000 kDa and 8,000 kDa. In still other embodiments, the glycoconjugate has a molecular weight of between 2,000 kDa and 8,000 kDa or between 3,000 kDa and 7,000 kDa. In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate of the invention has a molecular weight of between 200 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 200 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 3,000 kDa; between 200 kDa and 1,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 12,500 kDa; between 500 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 500 kDa and 6,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 4,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 3,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between 500 kDa and 1,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 12,500 kDa; between 750 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 750 kDa and 6,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 4,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 3,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 2,000 kDa; between 750 kDa and 1,500 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 12,500 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 6,000 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 4,000 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 2,500 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 12,500 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 6,000 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 4,000 kDa; or between 2,000 kDa and 3,000 kDa. In one embodiment, the glycoconjugate having such a molecular weight is produced by eTEC conjugation described herein. In another embodiment, the glycoconjugate having such a molecular weight is produced by reductive amination chemistry (RAC). In another embodiment, the glycoconjugate having such a molecular weight is produced by reductive amination chemistry (RAC) prepared in DMSO.

In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate of the invention has a molecular weight of between 1,000 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 1,000 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 2000 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 2,000 kDa and 5,000 kDa; between 3,000 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 3,000 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 3,000 kDa and 12,500 kDa; between 4,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 4,000 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 4,000 kDa and 6,000 kDa; or between 5,000 kDa and 7,000 kDa. In one embodiment, the glycoconjugate having such a molecular weight is produced by reductive amination chemistry (RAC). In another embodiment, the glycoconjugate having such a molecular weight is produced by reductive amination chemistry (RAC) prepared in DMSO. In another embodiment, the glycoconjugate having such a molecular weight is produced by eTEC conjugation described herein.

In further embodiments, the glycoconjugate of the invention has a molecular weight of between 5,000 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 5,000 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 5,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa; between 5,000 kDa and 7,500 kDa; between 6,000 kDa and 20,000 kDa; between 6,000 kDa and 15,000 kDa; between 6,000 kDa and 12,500 kDa; between 6,000 kDa and 10,000 kDa or between 6,000 kDa and 7,500 kDa.

The molecular weight of the glycoconjugate may be measured by SEC-MALLS. Any whole number integer within any of the above ranges is contemplated as an embodiment of the disclosure. The glycoconjugates of the invention may also be characterized by the ratio (weight/weight) of saccharide to carrier protein. In some embodiments, the ratio of polysaccharide to carrier protein in the glycoconjugate (w/w) is between 0.5 and 3 (e.g., about 0.5, about 0.6, about 0.7, about 0.8, about 0.9, about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, about 2.5, about 2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, or about 3.0). In other embodiments, the saccharide to carrier protein ratio (w/w) is between 0.5 and 2.0, between 0.5 and 1.5, between 0.8 and 1.2, between 0.5 and 1.0, between 1.0 and 1.5 or between 1.0 and 2.0. In further embodiments, the saccharide to carrier protein ratio (w/w) is between 0.8 and 1.2. In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of polysaccharide to carrier protein in the conjugate is between 0.9 and 1.1. In some such embodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

The glycoconjugates may also be characterized by their molecular size distribution (K_(d)). Size exclusion chromatography media (CL-4B) can be used to determine the relative molecular size distribution of the conjugate. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) is used in gravity fed columns to profile the molecular size distribution of conjugates. Large molecules excluded from the pores in the media elute more quickly than small molecules. Fraction collectors are used to collect the column eluate. The fractions are tested colorimetrically by saccharide assay. For the determination of K_(d), columns are calibrated to establish the fraction at which molecules are fully excluded (V₀), (K_(d)=0), and the fraction representing the maximum retention (V_(i)), (K_(d)=1). The fraction at which a specified sample attribute is reached (V_(e)), is related to Kd by the expression,

K _(d)=(V _(e) −V _(o))/(V _(i) −V ₀).

Free Saccharide.

The glycoconjugates and immunogenic compositions of the invention may include free saccharide that is not covalently conjugated to the carrier protein, but is nevertheless present in the glycoconjugate composition. The free saccharide may be non-covalently associated with (i.e., non-covalently bound to, adsorbed to, or entrapped in or with) the glycoconjugate. In a preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugate comprises at most 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20% or 15% of free polysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment the glycoconjugate comprises less than about 25% of free polysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment the glycoconjugate comprises at most about 20% of free polysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment the glycoconjugate comprises at most about 15% of free polysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide. In another preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugate comprises at most about 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% of free polysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment the glycoconjugate comprises less than about 8% of free polysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment the glycoconjugate comprises at most about 6% of free polysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide. In a preferred embodiment the glycoconjugate comprises at most about 5% of free polysaccharide compared to the total amount of polysaccharide. See, for example, Table 12, Table 13, Table 14, Table 15, Table 16, Table 17, and Table 18.

Covalent Linkage.

In other embodiments, the conjugate comprises at least one covalent linkage between the carrier protein and saccharide for every 5 to 10 saccharide repeat units; every 2 to 7 saccharide repeat units; every 3 to 8 saccharide repeat units; every 4 to 9 saccharide repeat units; every 6 to 11 saccharide repeat units; every 7 to 12 saccharide repeat units; every 8 to 13 saccharide repeat units; every 9 to 14 saccharide repeat units; every 10 to 15 saccharide repeat units; every 2 to 6 saccharide repeat units, every 3 to 7 saccharide repeat units; every 4 to 8 saccharide repeat units; every 6 to 10 saccharide repeat units; every 7 to 11 saccharide repeat units; every 8 to 12 saccharide repeat units; every 9 to 13 saccharide repeat units; every 10 to 14 saccharide repeat units; every 10 to 20 saccharide repeat units; every 4 to 25 saccharide repeat units or every 2 to 25 saccharide repeat units. In frequent embodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. In another embodiment, at least one linkage between carrier protein and saccharide occurs for every 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide. In one embodiment, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. Any whole number integer within any of the above ranges is contemplated as an embodiment of the disclosure.

Lysine residues. Another way to characterize the glycoconjugates of the invention is by the number of lysine residues in the carrier protein (e.g., CRM₁₉₇) that become conjugated to the saccharide which can be characterized as a range of conjugated lysines (degree of conjugation). The evidence for lysine modification of the carrier protein, due to covalent linkages to the polysaccharides, can be obtained by amino acid analysis using routine methods known to those of skill in the art. Conjugation results in a reduction in the number of lysine residues recovered, compared to the carrier protein starting material used to generate the conjugate materials. In a preferred embodiment, the degree of conjugation of the glycoconjugate of the invention is between 2 and 15, between 2 and 13, between 2 and 10, between 2 and 8, between 2 and 6, between 2 and 5, between 2 and 4, between 3 and 15, between 3 and 13, between 3 and 10, between 3 and 8, between 3 and 6, between 3 and 5, between 3 and 4, between 5 and 15, between 5 and 10, between 8 and 15, between 8 and 12, between 10 and 15 or between 10 and 12. In one embodiment, the degree of conjugation of the glycoconjugate of the invention is about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14 or about 15. In a preferred embodiment, the degree of conjugation of the glycoconjugate of the invention is between 4 and 7. In some such embodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

The frequency of attachment of the saccharide chain to a lysine on the carrier protein is another parameter for characterizing the glycoconjugates of the invention. For example, in some embodiments, at least one covalent linkage between the carrier protein and the polysaccharide for every 4 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide. In another embodiment, the covalent linkage between the carrier protein and the polysaccharide occurs at least once in every 10 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide. In another embodiment, the covalent linkage between the carrier protein and the polysaccharide occurs at least once in every 15 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide. In a further embodiment, the covalent linkage between the carrier protein and the polysaccharide occurs at least once in every 25 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide. O-acetylation. In some embodiments, the saccharides of the invention are O-acetylated. In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate comprises a saccharide which has a degree of O-acetylation of between 10-100%, between 20-100%, between 30-100%, between 40-100%, between 50-100%, between 60-100%, between 70-100%, between 75-100%, 80-100%, 90-100%, 50-90%, 60-90%, 70-90% or 80-90%. In other embodiments, the degree of O-acetylation is ≥10%, ≥20%, ≥30%, ≥40%, ≥50%, ≥60%, ≥70%, ≥80%, or ≥90%, or about 100%. By % of O-acetylation it is meant the percentage of a given saccharide relative to 100% (where each repeat unit is fully acetylated relative to its acetylated structure).

In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate is prepared by reductive amination. In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate is a single-end-linked conjugated saccharide, wherein the saccharide is covalently bound to a carrier protein directly. In some embodiments, the glycoconjugate is covalently bound to a carrier protein through a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl) carbamate (eTEC) spacer.

Reductive Amination.

In one embodiment, the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein by reductive amination (such as described in U.S. Patent Appl. Pub. Nos. 2006/0228380, 2007/0231340, 2007/0184071 and 2007/0184072, WO 2006/110381, WO 2008/079653, and WO 2008/143709).

Reductive amination includes (1) oxidation of the saccharide, (2) reduction of the activated saccharide and a carrier protein to form a conjugate. Before oxidation, the saccharide is optionally hydrolyzed. Mechanical or chemical hydrolysis may be employed. Chemical hydrolysis may be conducted using acetic acid.

The oxidation step may involve reaction with periodate. The term “periodate” as used herein refers to both periodate and periodic acid. The term also includes both metaperiodate (IO₄ ⁻) and orthoperiodate (IO₆ ⁵⁻) and the various salts of periodate (e.g., sodium periodate and potassium periodate). In one embodiment the polysaccharide is oxidized in the presence of metaperiodate, preferably in the presence of sodium periodate (NaIO₄). In another embodiment the polysaccharide is oxidized in the presence of orthoperiodate, preferably in the presence of periodic acid.

In one embodiment, the oxidizing agent is a stable nitroxyl or nitroxide radical compound, such as piperidine-N-oxy or pyrrolidine-N-oxy compounds, in the presence of an oxidant to selectively oxidize primary hydroxyls. In said reaction, the actual oxidant is the N-oxoammonium salt, in a catalytic cycle. In an aspect, said stable nitroxyl or nitroxide radical compound are piperidine-N-oxy or pyrrolidine-N-oxy compounds. In an aspect, said stable nitroxyl or nitroxide radical compound bears a TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) or a PROXYL (2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy) moiety. In an aspect, said stable nitroxyl radical compound is TEMPO or a derivative thereof. In an aspect, said oxidant is a molecule bearing a N-halo moiety. In an aspect, said oxidant is selected from any one of N-ChloroSuccinimide, N-Bromosuccinimide, N-Iodosuccinimide, Dichloroisocyanuric acid, 1,3,5-trichloro-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione, Dibromoisocyanuric acid, 1,3,5-tribromo-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione, Diiodoisocyanuric acid and 1,3,5-triiodo-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione. Preferably said oxidant is N-Chlorosuccinimide.

Following the oxidation step of the saccharide, the saccharide is said to be activated and is referred to as “activated” herein below. The activated saccharide and the carrier protein may be lyophilised (freeze-dried), either independently (discrete lyophilization) or together (co-lyophilized). In one embodiment the activated saccharide and the carrier protein are co-lyophilized. In another embodiment the activated polysaccharide and the carrier protein are lyophilized independently.

In one embodiment the lyophilization takes place in the presence of a non-reducing sugar, possible non-reducing sugars include sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, stachyose, melezitose, dextran, mannitol, lactitol and palatinit.

The next step of the conjugation process is the reduction of the activated saccharide and a carrier protein to form a conjugate (so-called reductive amination), using a reducing agent. Suitable reducing agents include the cyanoborohydrides, such as sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride or sodium or zinc borohydride in the presence of Bronsted or Lewis acids), amine boranes such as pyridine borane, 2-Picoline Borane, 2,6-diborane-methanol, dimethylamine-borane, t-BuMe′PrN-BH3, benzylamine-BH3 or 5-ethyl-2-methylpyridine borane (PEMB), borane-pyridine, or borohydride exchange resin. In one embodiment the reducing agent is sodium cyanoborohydride.

In an embodiment, the reduction reaction is carried out in aqueous solvent (e.g., selected from PBS, MES, HEPES, Bis-tris, ADA, PIPES, MOPSO, BES, MOPS, DIPSO, MOBS, HEPPSO, POPSO, TEA, EPPS, Bicine or HEPB, at a pH between 6.0 and 8.5, 7.0 and 8.0, or 7.0 and 7.5), in another embodiment the reaction is carried out in aprotic solvent. In an embodiment, the reduction reaction is carried out in DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) or in DMF (dimethylformamide) solvent. The DMSO or DMF solvent may be used to reconstitute the activated polysaccharide and carrier protein which has been lyophilized.

At the end of the reduction reaction, there may be unreacted aldehyde groups remaining in the conjugates, these may be capped using a suitable capping agent. In one embodiment this capping agent is sodium borohydride (NaBH₄). Following the conjugation (the reduction reaction and optionally the capping), the glycoconjugates may be purified (enriched with respect to the amount of polysaccharide-protein conjugate) by a variety of techniques known to the skilled person. These techniques include dialysis, concentration/diafiltration operations, tangential flow filtration precipitation/elution, column chromatography (DEAE or hydrophobic interaction chromatography), and depth filtration. The glycoconjugates maybe purified by diafiltration and/or ion exchange chromatography and/or size exclusion chromatography. In an embodiment, the glycoconjugates are purified by diafiltration or ion exchange chromatography or size exclusion chromatography. In one embodiment the glycoconjugates are sterile filtered.

In a preferred embodiment, a glycoconjugate from an E. coli serotype is selected from any one of O25B, O1, O2, and O6 is prepared by reductive amination. In a preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugates from E. coli serotypes O25B, O1, O2, and O6 are prepared by reductive amination.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a conjugate that includes a carrier protein, e.g., CRM₁₉₇, linked to a saccharide of Formula O25B, presented by

wherein n is any integer greater than or equal to 1. In a preferred embodiment, n is an integer of at least 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, and at most 200, 100, 99, 98, 97, 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 87, 86, 81, 80, 79, 78, 77, 76, 75, 74, 73, 72, 71, 70, 69, 68, 67, 66, 65, 60, 59, 58, 57, 56, 55, 54, 53, 52, 51, or 50. Any minimum value and any maximum value may be combined to define a range. Exemplary ranges include, for example, at least 1 to at most 1000; at least 10 to at most 500; and at least 20 to at most 80. In one preferred embodiment, n is at least 31 to at most 90, more preferably 40 to 90, most preferably 60 to 85.

In another aspect, the invention relates to a conjugate that includes a carrier protein, e.g., CRM₁₉₇, linked to a saccharide having any one of the following structures shown in Table 1 (see also FIG. 9A-C and FIG. 10A-B), wherein n is an integer greater than or equal to 1.

Without being bound by theory or mechanism, in some embodiments, a stable conjugate is believed to require a level of saccharide antigen modification that is balanced against preserving the structural integrity of the critical immunogenic epitopes of the antigen.

Activation and Formation of an Aldehyde.

In some embodiments, the saccharide of the invention is activated and results in the formation of an aldehyde. In such embodiments wherein the saccharide is activated, the percentage (%) of activation (or degree of oxidation (DO)) refers to moles of a saccharide repeat unit per moles of aldehyde of the activated polysaccharide. For example, in some embodiments, the saccharide is activated by periodate oxidation of vicinal diols on a repeat unit of the polysaccharide, resulting in the formation of an aldehyde. Varying the molar equivalents (meq) of sodium periodate relative to the saccharide repeat unit and temperature during oxidation results in varying levels of degree of oxidation (DO).

The saccharide and aldehyde concentrations are typically determined by colorimetric assays. An alternative reagent is TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl radical)-N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) combination, which results in the formation of aldehydes from primary alcohol groups.

In some embodiments, the activated saccharide has a degree of oxidation wherein the moles of a saccharide repeat unit per moles of aldehyde of the activated saccharide is between 1-100, such as, for example, between 2-80, between 2-50, between 3-30, and between 4-25. The degree of activation is at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, ≥20, ≥30, ≥40, ≥50, ≥60, ≥70, ≥80, or ≥90, or about 100. Preferably, the degree of oxidation (DO) is at least 5 and at most 50, more preferably at least 10 and at most 25. In one embodiment, the degree of activation is at least 10 and at most 25. Any minimum value and any maximum value may be combined to define a range. A degree of oxidation value may be represented as percentage (%) of activation. For example, in one embodiment, a DO value of 10 refers to one activated saccharide repeat unit out of a total of 10 saccharide repeat units in the activated saccharide, in which case the DO value of 10 may be represented as 10% activation.

In some embodiments, the conjugate prepared by reductive amination chemistry includes a carrier protein and a saccharide, wherein the saccharide includes a structure selected from any one of Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C), Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4 (e.g., Formula O4:K52 and Formula O4:K6), Formula O5 (e.g., Formula O5ab and Formula O5ac (strain 180/C3)), Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13; K15 and Formula O6:K54), Formula O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12, Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18 (e.g., Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula O18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1), Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22, Formula O23 (e.g., Formula O23A), Formula O24, Formula O25 (e.g., Formula O25a and Formula O25b), Formula O26, Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32, Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37, Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42, Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45 (e.g., Formula O45 and Formula O45rel), Formula O46, Formula O48, Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53, Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58, Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula 62D₁, Formula O63, Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69, Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73 (e.g., Formula O73 (strain 73-1)), Formula O74, Formula O75, Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80, Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85, Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90, Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96, Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101, Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110, Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119, Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129, Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138, Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O144, Formula O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148, Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166, Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175, Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184, Formula O185, Formula O186, and Formula O187. In some embodiments, the saccharide in the conjugate includes a Formula, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 1000, from 5 to 1000, preferably 31 to 100, more preferably 35 to 90, most preferably 35 to 65.

Single-End Linked Conjugates.

In some embodiments, the conjugate is single-end-linked conjugated saccharide, wherein the saccharide is covalently bound at one end of the saccharide to a carrier protein. In some embodiments, the single-end-linked conjugated polysaccharide has a terminal saccharide. For example, a conjugate is single-end linked if one of the ends (a terminal saccharide residue) of the polysaccharide is covalently bound to a carrier protein. In some embodiments, the conjugate is single-end linked if a terminal saccharide residue of the polysaccharide is covalently bound to a carrier protein through a linker. Such linkers may include, for example, a cystamine linker (A1), a 3,3′-dithio bis(propanoic dihydrazide) linker (A4), and a 2,2′-dithio-N,N′-bis(ethane-2,1-diyl)bis(2-(aminooxy)acetamide) linker (A6).

In some embodiments, the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein through a 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) residue to form a single-end linked conjugate. See, for example, Example 18, Example 19, Example 20, and FIG. 24.

In some embodiments, the conjugate is preferably not a bioconjugate. The term “bioconjugate” refers to a conjugate between a protein (e.g., a carrier protein) and an antigen, e.g., an O antigen (e.g., O25B) prepared in a host cell background, wherein host cell machinery links the antigen to the protein (e.g., N-links). Glycoconjugates include bioconjugates, as well as sugar antigen (e.g., oligo- and polysaccharides)-protein conjugates prepared by means that do not require preparation of the conjugate in a host cell, e.g., conjugation by chemical linkage of the protein and saccharide.

Thiol Activated Saccharides.

In some embodiments, the saccharide of the invention is thiol activated. In such embodiments wherein the saccharide is thiol activated, the percentage (%) of activation refers to moles of thiol per saccharide repeat unit of the activated polysaccharide. The saccharide and thiol concentrations are typically determined by Ellman's assay for quantitation of sulfhydryls. For example, in some embodiments, the saccharide includes activation of 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctanoic acid (KDO) with a disulfide amine linker. See, for example, Example 18 and FIG. 24. In some embodiments, the saccharide is covalently bound to a carrier protein through a bivalent, heterobifunctional linker (also referred to herein as a “spacer”). The linker preferably provides a thioether bond between the saccharide and the carrier protein, resulting in a glycoconjugate referred to herein as a “thioether glycoconjugate.” In some embodiments, the linker further provides carbamate and amide bonds, such as, for example, (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl) carbamate (eTEC). See, for example, Example 13.

In some embodiments, the single-end linked conjugate includes a carrier protein and a saccharide, wherein the saccharide includes a structure selected from any one of Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C), Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4 (e.g., Formula O4:K52 and Formula O4:K6), Formula O5 (e.g., Formula O5ab and Formula O5ac (strain 180/C3)), Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13; K15 and Formula O6:K54), Formula O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12, Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18 (e.g., Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula O18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1), Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22, Formula O23 (e.g., Formula O23A), Formula O24, Formula O25 (e.g., Formula O25a and Formula O25b), Formula O26, Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32, Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37, Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42, Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45 (e.g., Formula O45 and Formula O45rel), Formula O46, Formula O48, Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53, Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58, Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula 62D₁, Formula O63, Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69, Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73 (e.g., Formula O73 (strain 73-1)), Formula O74, Formula O75, Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80, Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85, Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90, Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96, Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101, Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110, Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119, Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129, Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138, Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O144, Formula O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148, Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166, Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175, Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184, Formula O185, Formula O186, and Formula O187. In some embodiments, the saccharide in the conjugate includes a Formula, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 1000, from 5 to 1000, preferably 31 to 100, more preferably 35 to 90, most preferably 35 to 65.

For example, in one embodiment, the single-end linked conjugate includes a carrier protein and a saccharide having a structure selected from Formula O8, Formula O9a, Formula O9, Formula O20ab, Formula O20ac, Formula O52, Formula O97, and Formula O101, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10

eTEC Conjugates

In one aspect, the invention relates generally to glycoconjugates comprising a saccharide derived from E. coli described above covalently conjugated to a carrier protein through a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer (as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 9,517,274 and International Patent Application Publication WO2014027302, incorporated by reference herein in their entireties), including immunogenic compositions comprising such glycoconjugates, and methods for the preparation and use of such glycoconjugates and immunogenic compositions. Said glycoconjugates comprise a saccharide covalently conjugated to a carrier protein through one or more eTEC spacers, wherein the saccharide is covalently conjugated to the eTEC spacer through a carbamate linkage, and wherein the carrier protein is covalently conjugated to the eTEC spacer through an amide linkage. The eTEC spacer includes seven linear atoms (i.e., —C(O)NH(CH₂)₂SCH₂C(O)—) and provides stable thioether and amide bonds between the saccharide and carrier protein.

The eTEC linked glycoconjugates of the invention may be represented by the general formula (I):

where the atoms that comprise the eTEC spacer are contained in the central box.

In said glycoconjugates of the invention, the saccharide may be a polysaccharide or an oligosaccharide.

The carrier proteins incorporated into the glycoconjugates of the invention are selected from the group of carrier proteins generally suitable for such purposes, as further described herein or known to those of skill in the art. In particular embodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of making a glycoconjugate comprising a saccharide described herein conjugated to a carrier protein through an eTEC spacer, comprising the steps of a) reacting a saccharide with a carbonic acid derivative in an organic solvent to produce an activated saccharide; b) reacting the activated saccharide with cystamine or cysteamine or a salt thereof, to produce a thiolated saccharide; c) reacting the thiolated saccharide with a reducing agent to produce an activated thiolated saccharide comprising one or more free sulfhydryl residues; d) reacting the activated thiolated saccharide with an activated carrier protein comprising one or more α-haloacetamide groups, to produce a thiolated saccharide-carrier protein conjugate; and e) reacting the thiolated saccharide-carrier protein conjugate with (i) a first capping reagent capable of capping unconjugated α-haloacetamide groups of the activated carrier protein; and/or (ii) a second capping reagent capable of capping unconjugated free sulfhydryl residues of the activated thiolated saccharide; whereby an eTEC linked glycoconjugate is produced.

In frequent embodiments, the carbonic acid derivative is 1,1′-carbonyl-di-(1,2,4-triazole) (CDT) or 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI). Preferably, the carbonic acid derivative is CDT and the organic solvent is a polar aprotic solvent, such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). In preferred embodiments, the thiolated saccharide is produced by reaction of the activated saccharide with the bifunctional symmetric thioalkylamine reagent, cystamine or a salt thereof. Alternatively, the thiolated saccharide may be formed by reaction of the activated saccharide with cysteamine or a salt thereof. The eTEC linked glycoconjugates produced by the methods of the invention may be represented by general Formula (I).

In frequent embodiments, the first capping reagent is N-acetyl-L-cysteine, which reacts with unconjugated α-haloacetamide groups on lysine residues of the carrier protein to form an S-carboxymethylcysteine (CMC) residue covalently linked to the activated lysine residue through a thioether linkage.

In other embodiments, the second capping reagent is iodoacetamide (IAA), which reacts with unconjugated free sulfhydryl groups of the activated thiolated saccharide to provide a capped thioacetamide. Frequently, step e) comprises capping with both a first capping reagent and a second capping reagent. In certain embodiments, step e) comprises capping with N-acetyl-L-cysteine as the first capping reagent and IAA as the second capping reagent.

In some embodiments, the capping step e) further comprises reaction with a reducing agent, for example, DTT, TCEP, or mercaptoethanol, after reaction with the first and/or second capping reagent.

The eTEC linked glycoconjugates and immunogenic compositions of the invention may include free sulfhydryl residues. In some instances, the activated thiolated saccharides formed by the methods provided herein will include multiple free sulfhydryl residues, some of which may not undergo covalent conjugation to the carrier protein during the conjugation step. Such residual free sulfhydryl residues are capped by reaction with a athiol-reactive capping reagent, for example, iodoacetamide (IAA), to cap the potentially reactive functionality. Other thiol-reactive capping reagents, e.g., maleimide containing reagents and the like are also contemplated.

In addition, the eTEC linked glycoconjugates and immunogenic compositions of the invention may include residual unconjugated carrier protein, which may include activated carrier protein which has undergone modification during the capping process steps.

In some embodiments, step d) further comprises providing an activated carrier protein comprising one or more α-haloacetamide groups prior to reacting the activated thiolated saccharide with the activated carrier protein. In frequent embodiments, the activated carrier protein comprises one or more α-bromoacetamide groups.

In another aspect, the invention provides an eTEC linked glycoconjugate comprising a saccharide described herein conjugated to a carrier protein through an eTEC spacer produced according to any of the methods disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇ and the covalent linkage via an eTEC spacer between the CRM₁₉₇ and the polysaccharide occurs at least once in every 4, 10, 15 or 25 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide.

For each of the aspects of the invention, in particular embodiments of the methods and compositions described herein, the eTEC linked glycoconjugate comprises a saccharide described herein, such as, a saccharide derived from E. coli.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing, treating or ameliorating a bacterial infection, disease or condition in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogenic composition of the invention, wherein said immunogenic composition comprises an eTEC linked glycoconjugate comprising a saccharide described herein. In some embodiments, the saccharide is derived from E. coli.

In some embodiments, the eTEC linked glycoconjugate comprises a carrier protein and a saccharide, in which said saccharide comprises a structure selected from any one of Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C), Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4 (e.g., Formula O4:K52 and Formula O4:K6), Formula O5 (e.g., Formula O5ab and Formula O5ac (strain 180/C3)), Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13; K15 and Formula O6:K54), Formula O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12, Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18 (e.g., Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula O18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1), Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22, Formula O23 (e.g., Formula O23A), Formula O24, Formula O25 (e.g., Formula O25a and Formula O25b), Formula O26, Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32, Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37, Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42, Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45 (e.g., Formula O45 and Formula O45rel), Formula O46, Formula O48, Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53, Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58, Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula 62D₁, Formula O63, Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69, Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73 (e.g., Formula O73 (strain 73-1)), Formula O74, Formula O75, Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80, Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85, Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90, Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96, Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101, Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110, Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119, Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129, Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138, Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O144, Formula O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148, Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166, Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175, Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184, Formula O185, Formula O186, and Formula O187. In some embodiments, the saccharide in the conjugate includes a Formula, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 1000, from 5 to 1000, preferably 31 to 100, more preferably 35 to 90, most preferably 35 to 65.

The number of lysine residues in the carrier protein that become conjugated to the saccharide can be characterized as a range of conjugated lysines. For example, in some embodiments of the immunogenic compositions, the CRM₁₉₇ may comprise 4 to 16 lysine residues out of 39 covalently linked to the saccharide. Another way to express this parameter is that about 10% to about 41% of CRM₁₉₇ lysines are covalently linked to the saccharide. In other embodiments, the CRM₁₉₇ may comprise 2 to 20 lysine residues out of 39 covalently linked to the saccharide. Another way to express this parameter is that about 5% to about 50% of CRM₁₉₇ lysines are covalently linked to the saccharide.

In frequent embodiments, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇ and the covalent linkage via an eTEC spacer between the CRM₁₉₇ and the polysaccharide occurs at least once in every 4, 10, 15 or 25 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide.

In other embodiments, the conjugate comprises at least one covalent linkage between the carrier protein and saccharide for every 5 to 10 saccharide repeat units; every 2 to 7 saccharide repeat units; every 3 to 8 saccharide repeat units; every 4 to 9 saccharide repeat units; every 6 to 11 saccharide repeat units; every 7 to 12 saccharide repeat units; every 8 to 13 saccharide repeat units; every 9 to 14 saccharide repeat units; every 10 to 15 saccharide repeat units; every 2 to 6 saccharide repeat units, every 3 to 7 saccharide repeat units; every 4 to 8 saccharide repeat units; every 6 to 10 saccharide repeat units; every 7 to 11 saccharide repeat units; every 8 to 12 saccharide repeat units; every 9 to 13 saccharide repeat units; every 10 to 14 saccharide repeat units; every 10 to 20 saccharide repeat units; or every 4 to 25 saccharide repeat units.

In another embodiment, at least one linkage between carrier protein and saccharide occurs for every 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 25 saccharide repeat units of the polysaccharide.

Carrier Proteins

A component of the glycoconjugate of the invention is a carrier protein to which the saccharide is conjugated. The terms “protein carrier” or “carrier protein” or “carrier” may be used interchangeably herein. Carrier proteins should be amendable to standard conjugation procedures.

One component of the conjugate is a carrier protein to which the O-polysaccharide is conjugated. In one embodiment, the conjugate includes a carrier protein conjugated to the core oligosaccharide of the O-polysaccharide (see FIG. 17). In one embodiment, the conjugate includes a carrier protein conjugated to the O-antigen of the O-polysaccharide.

The terms “protein carrier” or “carrier protein” or “carrier” may be used interchangeably herein. Carrier proteins should be amendable to standard conjugation procedures.

In a preferred embodiment, the carrier protein of the conjugates is independently selected from any one of TT, DT, DT mutants (such as CRM₁₉₇), H. influenzae protein D, PhtX, PhtD, PhtDE fusions (particularly those described in WO 01/98334 and WO 03/54007), detoxified pneumolysin, PorB, N19 protein, PspA, OMPC, toxin A or B of C. Difficile and PsaA. In an embodiment, the carrier protein of the conjugates of the invention is DT (Diphtheria toxoid). In another embodiment, the carrier protein of the conjugates of the invention is TT (tetanus toxoid). In another embodiment, the carrier protein of the conjugates of the invention is PD (Haemophilus influenzae protein D—see, e.g., EP 0 594 610B).

In a preferred embodiment, the saccharides are conjugated to CRM₁₉₇ protein. The CRM₁₉₇ protein is a nontoxic form of diphtheria toxin but is immunologically indistinguishable from the diphtheria toxin. CRM₁₉₇ is produced by C. diphtheriae infected by the nontoxigenic phage 1197tox⁻ created by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of the toxigenic corynephage beta. The CRM₁₉₇ protein has the same molecular weight as the diphtheria toxin but differs therefrom by a single base change (guanine to adenine) in the structural gene. This single base change causes an amino acid substitution glutamic acid for glycine) in the mature protein and eliminates the toxic properties of diphtheria toxin. The CRM₁₉₇ protein is a safe and effective T-cell dependent carrier for saccharides.

Accordingly, in some embodiments, the conjugates of the invention include CRM₁₉₇ as the carrier protein, wherein the saccharide is covalently linked to CRM₁₉₇.

In a preferred embodiment, the carrier protein of the glycoconjugates is selected in the group consisting of DT (Diphtheria toxin), TT (tetanus toxoid) or fragment C of TT, CRM197 (a nontoxic but antigenically identical variant of diphtheria toxin), other DT mutants (such as CRM176, CRM228, CRM 45 (Uchida et al J. Biol. Chem. 218; 3838-3844, 1973), CRM9, CRM45, CRM102, CRM103 or CRM107; and other mutations described by Nicholls and Youle in Genetically Engineered Toxins, Ed: Frankel, Maecel Dekker Inc, 1992; deletion or mutation of Glu-148 to Asp, Gin or Ser and/or Ala 158 to Gly and other mutations disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,709,017 or 4,950,740; mutation of at least one or more residues Lys 516, Lys 526, Phe 530 and/or Lys 534 and other mutations disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,917,017 or 6,455,673; or fragment disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,711), pneumococcal pneumolysin (Kuo et al (1995) Infect Immun 63; 2706-13) including ply detoxified in some fashion for example dPLY-GMBS (WO 04081515, PCT/EP2005/010258) or dPLY-formol, PhtX, including PhtA, PhtB, PhtD, PhtE (sequences of PhtA, PhtB, PhtD or PhtE are disclosed in WO 00/37105 or WO 00/39299) and fusions of Pht proteins for example PhtDE fusions, PhtBE fusions, Pht A-E (WO 01/98334, WO 03/54007, WO2009/000826), OMPC (meningococcal outer membrane protein—usually extracted from N. meningitidis serogroup B—EP0372501), PorB (from N. meningitidis), PD (Haemophilus influenzae protein D—see, e.g., EP 0 594 610 B), or immunologically functional equivalents thereof, synthetic peptides (EP0378881, EP0427347), heat shock proteins (WO 93/17712, WO 94/03208), pertussis proteins (WO 98/58668, EP0471 177), cytokines, lymphokines, growth factors or hormones (WO 91/01146), artificial proteins comprising multiple human CD4+ T cell epitopes from various pathogen derived antigens (Falugi et al (2001) Eur J Immunol 31; 3816-3824) such as N19 protein (Baraldoi et al (2004) Infect Immun 72; 4884-7) pneumococcal surface protein PspA (WO 02/091998), iron uptake proteins (WO 01/72337), toxin A or B of C. difficile (WO 00/61761), transferrin binding proteins, pneumococcal adhesion protein (PsaA), recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (in particular non-toxic mutants thereof (such as exotoxin A bearing a substitution at glutamic acid 553 (Uchida Cameron D M, R J Collier. 1987. J. Bacteriol. 169:4967-4971)). Other proteins, such as ovalbumin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA) or purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) also can be used as carrier proteins. Other suitable carrier proteins include inactivated bacterial toxins such as cholera toxoid (e.g., as described in Int'l Patent Application No. WO 2004/083251), E. coli LT, E. coli ST, and exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

In some embodiments, the carrier protein is selected from any one of, for example, CRM₁₉₇, diphtheria toxin fragment B (DTFB), DTFB C8, Diphtheria toxoid (DT), tetanus toxoid (TT), fragment C of TT, pertussis toxoid, cholera toxoid, or exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; detoxified Exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa (EPA), maltose binding protein (MBP), flagellin, detoxified hemolysin A of S. aureus, clumping factor A, clumping factor B, Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumolysin and detoxified variants thereof, C. jejuni AcrA, and C. jejuni natural glycoproteins. In one embodiment, the carrier protein is detoxified Pseudomonas exotoxin (EPA). In another embodiment, the carrier protein is not detoxified Pseudomonas exotoxin (EPA). In one embodiment, the carrier protein is flagellin. In another embodiment, the carrier protein is not flagellin.

In a preferred embodiment, the carrier protein of the glycoconjugates is independently selected from the group consisting of TT, DT, DT mutants (such as CRM₁₉₇), H. influenzae protein D, PhtX, PhtD, PhtDE fusions (particularly those described in WO 01/98334 and WO 03/54007), detoxified pneumolysin, PorB, N19 protein, PspA, OMPC, toxin A or B of C. Difficile and PsaA. In an embodiment, the carrier protein of the glycoconjugates of the invention is DT (Diphtheria toxoid). In another embodiment, the carrier protein of the glycoconjugates of the invention is TT (tetanus toxoid). In another embodiment, the carrier protein of the glycoconjugates of the invention is PD (Haemophilus influenzae protein D—see, e.g., EP 0 594 610 B).

In a preferred embodiment, the capsular saccharides of the invention are conjugated to CRM₁₉₇ protein. The CRM₁₉₇ protein is a nontoxic form of diphtheria toxin but is immunologically indistinguishable from the diphtheria toxin. CRM₁₉₇ is produced by C. diphtheriae infected by the nontoxigenic phage β197tox− created by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of the toxigenic corynephage beta (Uchida, T. et al. 1971, Nature New Biology 233:8-11). The CRM₁₉₇ protein has the same molecular weight as the diphtheria toxin but differs therefrom by a single base change (guanine to adenine) in the structural gene. This single base change causes an amino acid substitution glutamic acid for glycine) in the mature protein and eliminates the toxic properties of diphtheria toxin. The CRM₁₉₇ protein is a safe and effective T-cell dependent carrier for saccharides. Further details about CRM₁₉₇ and production thereof can be found e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,614,382

Accordingly, in frequent embodiments, the glycoconjugates of the invention comprise CRM₁₉₇ as the carrier protein, wherein the capsular polysaccharide is covalently linked to CRM₁₉₇.

Composition and Vaccine

The inventors further discovered compositions including at least one saccharide described above and compositions including at least one conjugate described above. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is an immunogenic composition. In another embodiment, the composition is a vaccine.

In one aspect, the immunogenic composition includes any of the saccharides disclosed herein. In a preferred aspect, the immunogenic composition includes any one of the conjugates disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition includes at least one glycoconjugate from E. coli serotype O25, preferably serotype O25b. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition includes at least one glycoconjugate from E. coli serotype O1, preferably serotype O1a. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition includes at least one glycoconjugate from E. coli serotype O2. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition includes at least one glycoconjugate from E. coli serotype O6.

In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition includes at least one glycoconjugate selected from any one of the following E. coli serotypes O25, O1, O2, and O6, preferably O25b, O1a, O2, and O6. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition includes at least two glycoconjugates selected from any one of the following E. coli serotypes O25, O1, O2, and O6, preferably O25b, O1a, O2, and O6. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition includes at least three glycoconjugates selected from any one of the following E. coli serotypes O25, O1, O2, and O6, preferably O25b, O1a, O2, and O6. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition includes a glycoconjugate from each of the following E. coli serotypes O25, O1, O2, and O6, preferably O25b, O1a, O2, and O6.

In a preferred embodiment, the glycoconjugate of any of the above immunogenic compositions is individually conjugated to CRM₁₉₇.

Accordingly, the composition includes an O-antigen from at least one E. coli serotype. In a preferred embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from more than 1 E. coli serotype. For example, the composition may include an O-antigen from two different E. coli serotypes (or “v”, valences) to 12 different serotypes (12v). In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 3 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 4 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 5 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 6 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 7 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 8 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 9 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 10 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 11 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 12 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 13 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 14 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 15 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 16 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 17 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 18 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 19 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 20 different serotypes.

Preferably, the number of E. coli saccharides can range from 1 serotype (or “v”, valences) to 26 different serotypes (26v). In one embodiment there is one serotype. In one embodiment there are 2 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 3 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 4 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 5 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 6 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 7 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 8 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 9 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 10 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 11 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 12 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 13 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 14 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 15 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 16 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 17 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 18 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 19 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 20 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 21 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 22 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 23 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 24 different serotypes. In an embodiment there are 25 different serotypes. In one embodiment there are 26 different serotypes. The saccharides are conjugated to a carrier protein to form glycoconjugates as described herein.

In one aspect, the composition includes a glycoconjugate that includes an O-antigen from at least one E. coli serogroup, wherein the O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from more than 1 E. coli serotype, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 3 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 4 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 5 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 6 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 7 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 8 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 9 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 10 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 11 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 12 different serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 13 different serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 14 different serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 15 different serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 16 different serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 17 different serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 18 different serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 19 different serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 20 different serotypes, wherein each O-antigen is conjugated to a carrier protein.

In another aspect, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from at least one E. coli serotype. In a preferred embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from more than 1 E. coli serotype. For example, the composition may include an O-polysaccharide from two different E. coli serotypes to 12 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 3 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 4 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 5 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 6 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 7 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 8 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 9 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 10 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 11 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 12 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 13 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 14 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 15 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 16 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 17 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 18 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 19 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 20 different serotypes.

In a preferred embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from at least one E. coli serotype, wherein the O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In a preferred embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from more than 1 E. coli serotype, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. For example, the composition may include an O-polysaccharide from two different E. coli serotypes to 12 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 3 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 4 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 5 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 6 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 7 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 8 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 9 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 10 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 11 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 12 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 13 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 14 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 15 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 16 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 17 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 18 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 19 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 20 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein.

In a most preferred embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from at least one E. coli serotype, wherein the O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from more than 1 E. coli serotype, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. For example, the composition may include an O-polysaccharide from two different E. coli serotypes to 12 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 3 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 4 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 5 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 6 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 7 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 8 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 9 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 10 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 11 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 12 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 13 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 14 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 15 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 16 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 17 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 18 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 19 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 20 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

In another preferred embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O25a, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In a preferred embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O25b, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O1a, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O2, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O6, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide.

In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O17, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O15, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O18A, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O75, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O4, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O16, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O13, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O7, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide.

In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O8, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O8, wherein n is 1-20, preferably 2-5, more preferably 3. Formula O8 is shown, e.g., in FIG. 10B. In another embodiment, the composition further includes an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O9, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O9, wherein n is 1-20, preferably 4-8, more preferably 5. Formula O9 is shown, e.g., in FIG. 10B. In another embodiment, the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O9a, wherein n is 1-20, preferably 4-8, more preferably 5. Formula O9a is shown, e.g., in FIG. 10B.

In some embodiments, the O-polysaccharide includes selected from any one of Formula O20ab, Formula O20ac, Formula O52, Formula O97, and Formula O101, wherein n is 1-20, preferably 4-8, more preferably 5. See, e.g., FIG. 10B.

As described above, the composition may include any combination of conjugated O-polysaccharides (antigens). In one exemplary embodiment, the composition includes a polysaccharide that includes Formula O25b, a polysaccharide that includes Formula O1A, a polysaccharide that includes Formula O2, and a polysaccharide that includes Formula O6. More specifically, such as a composition that includes: (i) an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O25b, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide; (ii) an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O1a, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide; (iii) an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O2, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide; and (iv) an O-polysaccharide conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, wherein the O-polysaccharide includes Formula O6, wherein n is at least 40, and the core saccharide.

In one embodiment, the composition includes at least one O-polysaccharide derived from any E. coli serotype, wherein the serotype is not O25a. For example, in one embodiment, the composition does not include a saccharide that includes the Formula O25a. Such a composition may include, for example, an O-polysaccharide that includes Formula O25b, an O-polysaccharide that includes Formula O1A, an O-polysaccharide that includes Formula O2, and an O-polysaccharide that includes Formula O6.

In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 2 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 3 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 4 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 5 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 6 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 7 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 8 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 9 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 10 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 11 different E. coli serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 12 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 13 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇ and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 14 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 15 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 16 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 17 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 18 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 19 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-polysaccharide from 20 different serotypes, wherein each O-polysaccharide is conjugated to CRM₁₉₇, and wherein the O-polysaccharide includes the O-antigen and core saccharide.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound to a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O25b, wherein n is 15±2. In one aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound to a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O25b, wherein n is 17±2. In one aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O25b, wherein n is 55±2. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O25b, wherein n is 51±2. In one embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli R1 core saccharide moiety. In another embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli K12 core saccharide moiety. In another embodiment, the saccharide further includes the KDO moiety. Preferably, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. In one embodiment, the conjugate is prepared by single end linked conjugation. In one embodiment, the conjugate is prepared by reductive amination chemistry, preferably in DMSO buffer. In one embodiment, the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein through a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl) carbamate (eTEC) spacer. Preferably, the composition further includes a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.

In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of binding an E. coli serotype O25B polysaccharide at a concentration of at least 0.2 pg/ml, 0.3 pg/ml, 0.35 pg/ml, 0.4 pg/ml or 0.5 pg/ml as determined by ELISA assay. Therefore, comparison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunization serum with the immunogenic composition of the invention can be conducted and compared for their response to serotype O25B to assess the potential increase of responders. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of killing E. coli serotype O25B as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits functional antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of killing E. coli serotype O25B as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention increases the proportion of responders against E. coli serotype O25B (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to the pre-immunized population. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits a titer of at least 1:8 against E. coli serotype O25B in at least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention elicits a titer of at least 1:8 against E. coli serotype O25B in at least 60%, 70%, 80%, or at least 90% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the proportion of responders against E. coli serotypes O25B (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to the pre-immunized population. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the OPA titers of human subjects against E. coli serotype O25B as compared to the pre-immunized population.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O1a, wherein n is 39±2. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O1a, wherein n is 13±2. In one embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli R1 core saccharide moiety. In one embodiment, the saccharide further includes the KDO moiety. Preferably, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. In one embodiment, the conjugate is prepared by single end linked conjugation. In one embodiment, the conjugate is prepared by reductive amination chemistry, preferably in DMSO buffer. In one embodiment, the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein through a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl) carbamate (eTEC) spacer. Preferably, the composition further includes a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.

In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of binding an E. coli serotype O1A polysaccharide at a concentration of at least 0.2 pg/ml, 0.3 pg/ml, 0.35 pg/ml, 0.4 pg/ml or 0.5 pg/ml as determined by ELISA assay. Therefore, comparison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunization serum with the immunogenic composition of the invention can be conducted and compared for their response to serotype O1A to assess the potential increase of responders. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of killing E. coli serotype O1A as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits functional antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of killing E. coli serotype O1A as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention increases the proportion of responders against E. coli serotype O1A (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to the pre-immunized population. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits a titer of at least 1:8 against E. coli serotype O1A in at least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention elicits a titer of at least 1:8 against E. coli serotype O1A in at least 60%, 70%, 80%, or at least 90% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the proportion of responders against E. coli serotypes O1A (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to the pre-immunized population. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the OPA titers of human subjects against E. coli serotype O1A as compared to the pre-immunized population.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O2, wherein n is 43±2. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O2, wherein n is 47±2. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O2, wherein n is 17±2. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O2, wherein n is 18±2. In one embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli R1 core saccharide moiety. In another embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli R4 core saccharide moiety. In another embodiment, the saccharide further includes the KDO moiety. Preferably, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. In one embodiment, the conjugate is prepared by single end linked conjugation. In one embodiment, the conjugate is prepared by reductive amination chemistry, preferably in DMSO buffer. In one embodiment, the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein through a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer. Preferably, the composition further includes a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.

In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of binding an E. coli serotype O2 polysaccharide at a concentration of at least 0.2 pg/ml, 0.3 pg/ml, 0.35 pg/ml, 0.4 pg/ml or 0.5 pg/ml as determined by ELISA assay. Therefore, comparison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunization serum with the immunogenic composition of the invention can be conducted and compared for their response to serotype O2 to assess the potential increase of responders. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of killing E. coli serotype O2 as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits functional antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of killing E. coli serotype O2 as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention increases the proportion of responders against E. coli serotype O2 (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to the pre-immunized population. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits a titer of at least 1:8 against E. coli serotype O2 in at least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention elicits a titer of at least 1:8 against E. coli serotype O2 in at least 60%, 70%, 80%, or at least 90% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the proportion of responders against E. coli serotypes O2 (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to the pre-immunized population. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the OPA titers of human subjects against E. coli serotype O2 as compared to the pre-immunized population.

In one aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O6, wherein n is 42±2. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O6, wherein n is 50±2. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O6, wherein n is 17±2. In another aspect, the invention relates to a composition that includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes Formula O6, wherein n is 18±2. In one embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli R1 core saccharide moiety. In one embodiment, the saccharide further includes the KDO moiety. Preferably, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. In one embodiment, the conjugate is prepared by single end linked conjugation. In one embodiment, the conjugate is prepared by reductive amination chemistry, preferably in DMSO buffer. In one embodiment, the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein through a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl) carbamate (eTEC) spacer. Preferably, the composition further includes a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent.

In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of binding an E. coli serotype O6 polysaccharide at a concentration of at least 0.2 pg/ml, 0.3 pg/ml, 0.35 pg/ml, 0.4 pg/ml or 0.5 pg/ml as determined by ELISA assay. Therefore, comparison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunization serum with the immunogenic composition of the invention can be conducted and compared for their response to serotype O6 to assess the potential increase of responders. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of killing E. coli serotype O6 as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits functional antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of killing E. coli serotype O6 as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention increases the proportion of responders against E. coli serotype O6 (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to the pre-immunized population. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits a titer of at least 1:8 against E. coli serotype O6 in at least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention elicits a titer of at least 1:8 against E. coli serotype O6 in at least 60%, 70%, 80%, or at least 90% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the proportion of responders against E. coli serotypes O6 (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to the pre-immunized population. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the OPA titers of human subjects against E. coli serotype O6 as compared to the pre-immunized population.

In one aspect, the composition includes a conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound to a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes a structure selected from any one of Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C), Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4 (e.g., Formula O4:K52 and Formula O4:K6), Formula O5 (e.g., Formula O5ab and Formula O5ac (strain 180/C3)), Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13; K15 and Formula O6:K54), Formula O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12, Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18 (e.g., Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula O18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1), Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22, Formula O23 (e.g., Formula O23A), Formula O24, Formula O25 (e.g., Formula O25a and Formula O25b), Formula O26, Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32, Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37, Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42, Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45 (e.g., Formula O45 and Formula O45rel), Formula O46, Formula O48, Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53, Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58, Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula 62D₁, Formula O63, Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69, Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73 (e.g., Formula O73 (strain 73-1)), Formula O74, Formula O75, Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80, Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85, Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90, Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96, Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101, Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110, Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119, Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129, Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138, Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O144, Formula O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148, Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166, Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175, Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184, Formula O185, Formula O186, and Formula O187, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 100. In one embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli R1 core saccharide moiety. In one embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli R2 core saccharide moiety. In one embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli R3 core saccharide moiety. In another embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli R4 core saccharide moiety. In one embodiment, the saccharide further includes the E. coli K12 core saccharide moiety. In another embodiment, the saccharide further includes the KDO moiety. Preferably, the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. In one embodiment, the conjugate is prepared by single end linked conjugation. In one embodiment, the conjugate is prepared by reductive amination chemistry, preferably in DMSO buffer. In one embodiment, the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein through a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer. Preferably, the composition further includes a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. In one embodiment, the composition further includes at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 additional conjugates to at most 30 additional conjugates, each conjugate including a saccharide covalently bound to a carrier protein, wherein the saccharide includes a structure selected from any one of said Formulas.

Dosages of the Compositions

The amount of glycoconjugate(s) in each dose is selected as an amount which induces an immunoprotective response without significant, adverse side effects in typical vaccines. Such amount will vary depending upon which specific immunogen is employed and how it is presented.

The amount of a particular glycoconjugate in an immunogenic composition can be calculated based on total polysaccharide for that conjugate (conjugated and non-conjugated). For example, a glycoconjugate with 20% free polysaccharide will have about 80 g of conjugated polysaccharide and about 20 g of non-conjugated polysaccharide in a 100 g polysaccharide dose. The amount of glycoconjugate can vary depending upon the E. coli serotype. The saccharide concentration can be determined by the uronic acid assay.

The “immunogenic amount” of the different polysaccharide components in the immunogenic composition, may diverge and each may comprise about 1.0 g, about 2.0 g, about 3.0 g, about 4.0 g, about 5.0 g, about 6.0 g, about 7.0 g, about 8.0 g, about 9.0 g, about 10.0 g, about 15.0 g, about 20.0 g, about 30.0 g, about 40.0 pg, about 50.0 pg, about 60.0 pg, about 70.0 pg, about 80.0 pg, about 90.0 pg, or about 100.0 g of any particular polysaccharide antigen. Generally, each dose will comprise 0.1 g to 100 g of polysaccharide for a given serotype, particularly 0.5 g to 20 g, more particularly 1 g to 10 g, and even more particularly 2 g to 5 g. Any whole number integer within any of the above ranges is contemplated as an embodiment of the disclosure. In one embodiment, each dose will comprise 1 g, 2 g, 3 g, 4 g, 5 g, 6 g, 7 g, 8 g, 9 g, 10 g, 15 g or 20 g of polysaccharide for a given serotype.

Carrier Protein Amount.

Generally, each dose will comprise 5 g to 150 g of carrier protein, particularly 10 g to 100 g of carrier protein, more particularly 15 g to 100 g of carrier protein, more particularly 25 to 75 g of carrier protein, more particularly 30 g to 70 g of carrier protein, more particularly 30 to 60 g of carrier protein, more particularly 30 g to 50 g of carrier protein and even more particularly 40 to 60 g of carrier protein. In one embodiment, said carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. In one embodiment, each dose will comprise about 25 g, about 26 g, about 27 g, about 28 g, about 29 g, about 30 g, about 31 g, about 32 g, about 33 g, about 34 g, about 35 g, about 36 g, about 37 g, about 38 g, about 39 g, about 40 g, about 41 g, about 42 g, about 43 g, about 44 g, about 45 g, about 46 g, about 47 g, about 48 g, about 49 g, about 50 g, about 51 g, about 52 g, about 53 g, about 54 g, about 55 g, about 56 g, about 57 g, about 58 g, about 59 g, about 60 g, about 61 g, about 62 g, about 63 g, about 64 g, about 65 g, about 66 g, about 67 g, 68 g, about 69 g, about 70 g, about 71 g, about 72 g, about 73 g, about 74 g or about 75 g of carrier protein. In one embodiment, said carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.

Adjuvant

In some embodiments, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein may further comprise at least one, two or three adjuvants. The term “adjuvant” refers to a compound or mixture that enhances the immune response to an antigen. Antigens may act primarily as a delivery system, primarily as an immune modulator or have strong features of both. Suitable adjuvants include those suitable for use in mammals, including humans.

Examples of known suitable delivery-system type adjuvants that can be used in humans include, but are not limited to, alum (e.g., aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate or aluminum hydroxide), calcium phosphate, liposomes, oil-in-water emulsions such as MF59 (4.3% w/v squalene, 0.5% w/v polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), 0.5% w/v sorbitan trioleate (Span 85)), water-in-oil emulsions such as Montanide, and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles or nanoparticles.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein comprise aluminum salts (alum) as adjuvant (e.g., aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate or aluminum hydroxide). In a preferred embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein comprise aluminum phosphate or aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant. In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein comprise from 0.1 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL or from 0.2 mg/mL to 0.3 mg/mL of elemental aluminum in the form of aluminum phosphate. In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein comprise about 0.25 mg/mL of elemental aluminum in the form of aluminum phosphate. Examples of known suitable immune modulatory type adjuvants that can be used in humans include, but are not limited to, saponin extracts from the bark of the Aquilla tree (QS21, Quil A), TLR4 agonists such as MPL (Monophosphoryl Lipid A), 3DMPL (3-O-deacylated MPL) or GLA-AQ, LT/CT mutants, cytokines such as the various interleukins (e.g., IL-2, IL-12) or GM-CSF, AS01, and the like.

Examples of known suitable immune modulatory type adjuvants with both delivery and immune modulatory features that can be used in humans include, but are not limited to, ISCOMS (see, e.g., Sjölander et al. (1998) J. Leukocyte Biol. 64:713; WO 90/03184, WO 96/11711, WO 00/48630, WO 98/36772, WO 00/41720, WO 2006/134423 and WO 2007/026190) or GLA-EM which is a combination of a TLR4 agonist and an oil-in-water emulsion.

For veterinary applications including but not limited to animal experimentation, one can use Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA), Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant (IFA), Emulsigen, N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP), N-acetyl-nor-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (CGP 11637, referred to as nor-MDP), N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-alanine-2-(1′-2′-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine (CGP 19835A, referred to as MTP-PE), and RIBI, which contains three components extracted from bacteria, monophosphoryl lipid A, trehalose dimycolate and cell wall skeleton (MPL+TDM+CWS) in a 2% squalene/Tween 80 emulsion.

Further exemplary adjuvants to enhance effectiveness of the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein include, but are not limited to (1) oil-in-water emulsion formulations (with or without other specific immunostimulating agents such as muramyl peptides (see below) or bacterial cell wall components), such as for example (a) SAF, containing 10% Squalane, 0.4% Tween 80, 5% pluronic-blocked polymer L121, and thr-MDP either microfluidized into a submicron emulsion or vortexed to generate a larger particle size emulsion, and (b) RIBI™ adjuvant system (RAS), (Ribi Immunochem, Hamilton, Mont.) containing 2% Squalene, 0.2% Tween 80, and one or more bacterial cell wall components such as monophosphorylipid A (MPL), trehalose dimycolate (TDM), and cell wall skeleton (CWS), preferably MPL+CWS (DETOX™); (2) saponin adjuvants, such as QS21, STIMULON™ (Cambridge Bioscience, Worcester, Mass.), ABISCO® (Isconova, Sweden), or ISCOMATRIX® (Commonwealth Serum Laboratories, Australia), may be used or particles generated therefrom such as ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes), which ISCOMS may be devoid of additional detergent (e.g., WO 00/07621); (3) Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) and Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA); (4) cytokines, such as interleukins (e.g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12 (e.g., WO 99/44636)), interferons (e.g., gamma interferon), macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), etc.; (5) monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) or 3-O-deacylated MPL (3dMPL) (see, e.g., GB2220211, EP0689454) (see, e.g., WO 00/56358); (6) combinations of 3dMPL with, for example, QS21 and/or oil-in-water emulsions (see, e.g., EP0835318, EP0735898, EP0761231); (7) a polyoxyethylene ether or a polyoxyethylene ester (see, e.g., WO 99/52549); (8) a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester surfactant in combination with an octoxynol (e.g., WO 01/21207) or a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether or ester surfactant in combination with at least one additional non-ionic surfactant such as an octoxynol (e.g., WO 01/21152); (9) a saponin and an immunostimulatory oligonucleotide (e.g., a CpG oligonucleotide) (e.g., WO 00/62800); (10) an immunostimulant and a particle of metal salt (see, e.g., WO 00/23105); (11) a saponin and an oil-in-water emulsion (e.g., WO 99/11241); (12) a saponin (e.g., QS21)+3dMPL+IM2 (optionally+a sterol) (e.g., WO 98/57659); (13) other substances that act as immunostimulating agents to enhance the efficacy of the composition. Muramyl peptides include N-acetyl-muramyl-L-threonyl-D-isoglutamine (thr-MDP), N-25 acetyl-normuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (nor-MDP), N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutarninyl-L-alanine-2-(1′-2′-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-hydroxyphosphoryloxy)-ethylamine MTP-PE), etc.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the immunogenic compositions as disclosed herein comprise a CpG Oligonucleotide as adjuvant. A CpG oligonucleotide as used herein refers to an immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN), and accordingly these terms are used interchangeably unless otherwise indicated. Immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides contain one or more immunostimulatory CpG motifs that are unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotides, optionally within certain preferred base contexts. The methylation status of the CpG immunostimulatory motif generally refers to the cytosine residue in the dinucleotide. An immunostimulatory oligonucleotide containing at least one unmethylated CpG dinucleotide is an oligonucleotide which contains a 5′ unmethylated cytosine linked by a phosphate bond to a 3′ guanine, and which activates the immune system through binding to Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9). In another embodiment the immunostimulatory oligonucleotide may contain one or more methylated CpG dinucleotides, which will activate the immune system through TLR9 but not as strongly as if the CpG motif(s) was/were unmethylated. CpG immunostimulatory oligonucleotides may comprise one or more palindromes that in turn may encompass the CpG dinucleotide. CpG oligonucleotides have been described in a number of issued patents, published patent applications, and other publications, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,194,388; 6,207,646; 6,214,806; 6,218,371; 6,239,116; and 6,339,068.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the immunogenic compositions as disclosed herein comprise any of the CpG Oligonucleotide described at page 3, line 22, to page 12, line 36, of WO 2010/125480.

Different classes of CpG immunostimulatory oligonucleotides have been identified. These are referred to as A, B, C and P class, and are described in greater detail at page 3, line 22, to page 12, line 36, of WO 2010/125480. Methods of the invention embrace the use of these different classes of CpG immunostimulatory oligonucleotides.

Formulation

The immunogenic compositions of the invention may be formulated in liquid form (i.e., solutions or suspensions) or in a lyophilized form. Liquid formulations may advantageously be administered directly from their packaged form and are thus ideal for injection without the need for reconstitution in aqueous medium as otherwise required for lyophilized compositions of the invention.

Formulation of the immunogenic composition of the present invention can be accomplished using art-recognized methods. For instance, the individual conjugates can be formulated with a physiologically acceptable vehicle to prepare the composition. Examples of such vehicles include, but are not limited to, water, buffered saline, polyols (e.g., glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid polyethylene glycol) and dextrose solutions.

The present disclosure provides an immunogenic composition comprising any of combination of glycoconjugates disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, or diluent.

In certain embodiments, the immunogenic composition formulations include a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, excipient or a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable diluent includes sterile water, water for injection, sterile isotonic saline or a biological buffer. The polysaccharide-protein conjugates and/or protein immunogens are mixed with such diluents or carriers in a conventional manner. As used herein the language pharmaceutically acceptable “carrier” is intended to include solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with administration to humans or other vertebrate hosts. The appropriate carrier is evident to those skilled in the art and will depend in large part upon the route of administration.

For example, excipients that may be present in the immunogenic composition formulation include preservatives, chemical stabilizers and suspending or dispersing agents. Typically, stabilizers, preservatives and the like are optimized to determine the best formulation for efficacy in the targeted recipient (e.g., a human subject). Examples of preservatives include chlorobutanol, potassium sorbate, sorbic acid, sulfur dioxide, propyl gallate, the parabens, ethyl vanillin, glycerin, phenol, and parachlorophenol. Examples of stabilizing ingredients include casamino acids, sucrose, gelatin, phenol red, N-Z amine, monopotassium diphosphate, lactose, lactalbumin hydrolysate, and dried milk.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention is in liquid form, preferably in aqueous liquid form.

Immunogenic compositions of the disclosure may comprise one or more of a buffer, a salt, a divalent cation, a non-ionic detergent, a cryoprotectant such as a sugar, and an anti-oxidant such as a free radical scavenger or chelating agent, or any multiple combinations thereof.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions of the invention comprise a buffer. In an embodiment, said buffer has a pKa of about 3.5 to about 7.5. In some embodiments, the buffer is phosphate, succinate, histidine or citrate. In certain embodiments, the buffer is succinate at a final concentration of 1 mM to 10 mM. In one particular embodiment, the final concentration of the succinate buffer is about 5 mM.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions of the invention comprise a salt. In some embodiments, the salt is selected from any one of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride and a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the salt is selected from the groups consisting of magnesium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium chloride and a combination thereof. In one particular embodiment, the salt is sodium chloride. In one particular embodiment, the immunogenic compositions of the invention comprise sodium chloride at 150 mM.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions of the invention comprise a surfactant. In some embodiments, the composition includes a non-ionic surfactant, including but not limited to polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters. In an embodiment, the surfactant is selected from any one of polysorbate 20 (TWEEN™20), polysorbate 40 (TWEEN™40), polysorbate 60 (TWEEN™60), polysorbate 65 (TWEEN™65), polysorbate 80 (TWEEN™80), polysorbate 85 (TWEEN™85), TRITON™ N-101, TRITON™ X-100, oxtoxynol 40, nonoxynol-9, triethanolamine, triethanolamine polypeptide oleate, polyoxyethylene-660 hydroxystearate (PEG-15, Solutol H 15), polyoxyethylene-35-ricinoleate (CREMOPHOR® EL), soy lecithin and a poloxamer. In an embodiment, the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 20 (TWEEN™20), polysorbate 40 (TWEEN™40), polysorbate 60 (TWEEN™60), polysorbate 65 (TWEEN™65), polysorbate 80 (TWEEN™80), polysorbate 85 (TWEEN™85), TRITON™ N-101, TRITON™ X-100, oxtoxynol 40, nonoxynol-9, triethanolamine, triethanolamine polypeptide oleate, polyoxyethylene-660 hydroxystearate (PEG-15, Solutol H 15), polyoxyethylene-35-ricinoleate (CREMOPHOR® EL), soy lecithin and a poloxamer. In some embodiments, the composition further includes any one of the following polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, including but not limited to BRIJ 58, BRIJ 35, TRITON X-100, TRITON X-114, NP40, SPAN 85, and the pluronic series of non-ionic surfactants, e.g., PLURONIC 121. In one particular embodiment, the surfactant is polysorbate 80. In some said embodiment, the final concentration of polysorbate 80 in the formulation is at least 0.0001% to 10% polysorbate 80 weight to weight (w/w). In some said embodiments, the final concentration of polysorbate 80 in the formulation is at least 0.001% to 1% polysorbate 80 weight to weight (w/w). In some said embodiments, the final concentration of polysorbate 80 in the formulation is at least 0.01% to 1% polysorbate 80 weight to weight (w/w). In other embodiments, the final concentration of polysorbate 80 in the formulation is 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09% or 0.1% polysorbate 80 (w/w). In another embodiment, the final concentration of the polysorbate 80 in the formulation is 1% polysorbate 80 (w/w).

In certain embodiments, the immunogenic composition of the invention has a pH of 5.5 to 7.5, more preferably a pH of 5.6 to 7.0, even more preferably a pH of 5.8 to 6.0.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a container filled with any of the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the container is selected from any one of a vial, a syringe, a flask, a fermentor, a bioreactor, a bag, a jar, an ampoule, a cartridge and a disposable pen. In one embodiment, the container is selected from the group consisting of a vial, a syringe, a flask, a fermentor, a bioreactor, a bag, a jar, an ampoule, a cartridge and a disposable pen. In certain embodiments, the container is siliconized. In an embodiment, the container of the present invention is made of glass, metals (e.g., steel, stainless steel, aluminum, etc.) and/or polymers (e.g., thermoplastics, elastomers, thermoplastic-elastomers). In an embodiment, the container of the present invention is made of glass.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a syringe filled with any of the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the syringe is siliconized and/or is made of glass.

A typical dose of the immunogenic composition of the invention for injection has a volume of 0.1 mL to 2 mL, more preferably 0.2 mL to 1 mL, even more preferably a volume of about 0.5 mL.

Therefore, the container or syringe as defined above is filed with a volume of 0.1 mL to 2 mL, more preferably 0.2 mL to 1 mL, even more preferably a volume of about 0.5 mL of any of the immunogenic compositions defined herein.

The compositions of the invention can be administered to a subject by one or more known methods, such as parenterally, transmucosally, transdermally, intramuscularly, intravenously, intra-dermally, intra-nasally, subcutaneously, intra-peritoneally, and formulated accordingly.

In one embodiment, compositions of the present invention are administered via epidermal injection, intramuscular injection, intravenous, intra-arterial, subcutaneous injection, or intra-respiratory mucosal injection of a liquid preparation. The composition of the invention can be formulated as single dose vials, multi-dose vials or as pre-filled syringes.

In another embodiment, compositions of the present invention are administered orally, and are thus formulated in a form suitable for oral administration, i.e., as a solid or a liquid preparation. Solid oral formulations include tablets, capsules, pills, granules, pellets and the like. Liquid oral formulations include solutions, suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, oils and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for liquid formulations are aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, suspensions, emulsions or oils. Examples of nonaqueous solvents are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.

Aqueous carriers include water, alcoholic/aqueous solutions, emulsions or suspensions, including saline and buffered media. Examples of oils are those of animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, fish-liver oil, another marine oil, or a lipid from milk or eggs.

The pharmaceutical composition may be isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic. The pharmaceutical composition for infusion or injection is preferably essentially isotonic when it is administrated. For storage, the pharmaceutical composition may preferably be isotonic or hypertonic. If the pharmaceutical composition is hypertonic for storage, it may be diluted to become an isotonic solution prior to administration. The isotonic agent may be an ionic isotonic agent such as a salt or a non-ionic isotonic agent such as a carbohydrate. Examples of ionic isotonic agents include but are not limited to NaCl, CaCl₃, KCl and MgCl₂. Examples of non-ionic isotonic agents include but are not limited to sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, sorbitol and glycerol.

It is also preferred that at least one pharmaceutically acceptable additive is a buffer. For some purposes, for example, when the pharmaceutical composition is meant for infusion or injection, it is often desirable that the composition comprises a buffer, which is capable of buffering a solution to a pH in the range of 4 to 10, such as 5 to 9, for example 6 to 8. The buffer may for example be selected from any one of Tris, acetate, glutamate, lactate, maleate, tartrate, phosphate, citrate, carbonate, glycinate, L-histidine, glycine, succinate and triethanolamine buffer. The buffer may furthermore for example be selected from USP compatible buffers for parenteral use, in particular, when the pharmaceutical formulation is for parenteral use. For example the buffer may be selected from any one of monobasic acids such as acetic, benzoic, gluconic, glyceric and lactic; dibasic acids such as aconitic, adipic, ascorbic, carbonic, glutamic, malic, succinic and tartaric, polybasic acids such as citric and phosphoric; and bases such as ammonia, diethanolamine, glycine, triethanolamine, and Tris. Parenteral vehicles (for subcutaneous, intravenous, intraarterial, or intramuscular injection) include sodium chloride solution, Ringer's dextrose, dextrose and sodium chloride, lactated Ringer's and fixed oils. Intravenous vehicles include fluid and nutrient replenishers, electrolyte replenishers such as those based on Ringer's dextrose, and the like. Examples are sterile liquids such as water and oils, with or without the addition of a surfactant and other pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants. In general, water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, glycols such as propylene glycols or polyethylene glycol, Polysorbate 80 (PS-80), Polysorbate 20 (PS-20), and Poloxamer 188 (PI 88) are preferred liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Examples of oils are those of animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, fish-liver oil, another marine oil, or a lipid from milk or eggs.

The formulations may further include a surfactant. Preferred surfactants include, but are not limited to the polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters surfactants (commonly referred to as the TWEENs), especially PS-20 and PS-80; copolymers of ethylene oxide (EO), propylene oxide (PO), and/or butylene oxide (BO), sold under the DOWFAX™ tradename, such as linear EO/PO block copolymers; octoxynols, which can vary in the number of repeating ethoxy (oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) groups, with octoxynol-9 (TRITON X-100, or t-octylphenoxypoly ethoxy ethanol) being of particular interest; (octylphenoxy)polyethoxyethanol (IGEPAL CA-630/NP-40); phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (lecithin); nonylphenol ethoxylates, such as the TERGITOL™NP series; polyoxyethylene fatty ethers derived from lauryl, cetyl, stearyl and oleyl alcohols (known as BRIJ surfactants), such as triethyleneglycol monolauryl ether (BRIJ 30); and sorbitan esters (commonly known as the SPANs), such as sorbitan trioleate (SPAN 85) and sorbitan monolaurate. A preferred surfactant for including in the emulsion is PS-20 or PS-80. Mixtures of surfactants can be used, e.g. PS-80/SPAN 85 mixtures. A combination of a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (PS-80) and an octoxynol such as t-octylphenoxypoly ethoxy ethanol (TRITON X-100) is also suitable. Another useful combination comprises laureth 9 plus a polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester and/or an octoxynol.

The formulation may also include a pH-buffered saline solution. The buffer may, for example, be selected from any one of Tris, acetate, glutamate, lactate, maleate, tartrate, phosphate, citrate, carbonate, glycinate, L-histidine, glycine, succinate, HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid), MOPS (3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid), MES (2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid) and triethanolamine buffer. The buffer is capable of buffering a solution to a pH in the range of 4 to 10, 5.2 to 7.5, or 5.8 to 7.0. In certain aspects, the buffer selected from any one of phosphate, succinate, L-histidine, MES, MOPS, HEPES, acetate or citrate. The buffer may furthermore, for example, be selected from USP compatible buffers for parenteral use, in particular, when the pharmaceutical formulation is for parenteral use. The concentrations of buffer will range from 1 mM to 50 mM or 5 mM to 50 mM. In certain aspects, the buffer is L-histidine at a final concentration of 5 mM to 50 mM, or succinate at a final concentration of 1 mM to 10 mM. In certain aspects, the L-histidine is at a final concentration of 20 mM±2 mM.

While the saline solution (i.e., a solution including NaCl) is preferred, other salts suitable for formulation include but are not limited to, CaCl₃, KCl and MgCl₂ and combinations thereof. Non-ionic isotonic agents including but not limited to sucrose, trehalose, mannitol, sorbitol and glycerol may be used in lieu of a salt. Suitable salt ranges include, but not are limited to 25 mM to 500 mM or 40 mM to 170 mM. In one aspect, the saline is NaCl, optionally present at a concentration from 20 mM to 170 mM. In a preferred embodiment, the formulations comprise a L-histidine buffer with sodium chloride.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is delivered in a controlled release system. For example, the agent can be administered using intravenous infusion, a transdermal patch, liposomes, or other modes of administration. In another embodiment, polymeric materials are used; e.g. in microspheres in or an implant.

Activity

In one embodiment, the saccharide described herein is capable of inducing opsonic activity. In another embodiment, the saccharide described herein is capable of inducing opsonic and phagocytic activity (e.g., opsonophagocytic activity).

The inventors surprisingly discovered saccharides having an increase in repeat units as compared to the corresponding wild-type saccharide, induces an increase in immune response in mammals, as compared to wild-type saccharides. The inventors also surprisingly discovered that compositions including a conjugate that includes a carrier protein and a saccharide having an increase in repeat units as compared to the corresponding wild-type saccharide induces an increase in immune response in mammals, as compared to mammals that were administered with a composition including a conjugate that includes a carrier protein and the corresponding wild-type saccharide. Without being bound by mechanism or theory, the saccharides having an increase in repeat units may have an increase in preserved epitopes, which may lead to an increase in immune response.

Opsonic activity or opsonization refers to a process by which an opsonin (for example, an antibody or a complement factor) binds to an antigen (e.g., a saccharide or conjugate thereof described herein), which facilitates attachment of the antigen to a phagocyte or phagocytic cell (e.g., a macrophage, dendritic cell, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL). Some bacteria, such as, for example, encapsulated bacteria that are not typically phagocytosed due to the presence of the capsule, become more likely to be recognized by phagocytes when coated with an opsonic antibody. In one embodiment, the saccharide induces an immune response, such as, e.g., an antibody, that is opsonic. In one embodiment, the opsonic activity is against a Gram-negative bacterium, preferably against an Escherichia species, more preferably against at least one strain of E. coli.

Phagocytic activity or phagocytosis refers to a process by which a phagocytic cell engulfs material and encloses the material in its cytoplasm. In one embodiment, the saccharide induces an immune response, such as, e.g., an antibody, that facilitates phagocytosis. In one embodiment, the phagocytic activity is against a Gram-negative bacterium, preferably against an Escherichia species, more preferably against at least one strain of E. coli. For example, rabbit antibodies raised against an isolated saccharide described herein may be able to mediate opsonophagocytosis specifically of a strain expressing the saccharide in the presence of complement, as indicated, for example, by an in vitro phagocytosis assay.

In yet another embodiment, the saccharide described herein is capable of inducing a bactericidal immune response. In one embodiment, the bactericidal activity is against a Gram-negative bacterium, preferably against an Escherichia species, more preferably against at least one strain of E. coli.

Methods for measuring opsonization, phagocytosis, and/or bactericidal activity are known in the art, such as, for example, by measuring reduction in bacterial load in vivo (e.g., by measuring bacteremia levels in mammals challenged with Escherichia) and/or by measuring bacterial cell killing in vitro (e.g., an in vitro opsonophagocytic assay). In one embodiment, the saccharide is capable of inducing opsonic, phagocytic, and/or bactericidal activity as compared to an appropriate control, such as, for example, as compared to antisera raised against a heat-killed Gram-negative bacterium.

The opsonophagocytic assay, which measures killing of E. coli cells by phagocytic effector cells in the presence of functional antibody and complement, may be a surrogate for evaluating the effectiveness of E. coli vaccines to a specific E. coli serotype, such as, for example, E. coli serotype O25B. In vitro opsonophagocytic assays can be conducted by incubating together a mixture of E. coli cells, a heat inactivated human serum to be tested, differentiated HL-60 cells (phagocytes) and an exogenous complement source (e.g., baby rabbit complement). Opsonophagocytosis proceeds during incubation and bacterial cells that are coated with antibody and complement are killed upon opsonophagocytosis. Colony forming units (cfu) of surviving bacteria that escape from opsonophagocytosis are determined by plating the assay mixture. The OPA titer is defined as the reciprocal dilution that results in a 50% reduction in bacterial count over control wells without test serum. The OPA titer is interpolated from the two dilutions that encompass this 50% killing cut-off.

An endpoint titer of 1:8 or greater is considered a positive result in these killing type OPA.

In some embodiments, the subjects may have serotype specific OPA titers prior to vaccination due to, for example, natural exposures to E. coli (e.g., in case of adult subjects).

Therefore, comparison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunization serum with the immunogenic composition of the invention can be conducted and compared for their response to a specific E. coli serotype, such as, for example, E. coli serotype O25B, to assess the potential increase of responders.

In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the proportion of responders (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) as compared to the pre-immunized population.

Comparison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunization serum with the immunogenic composition of the invention can also be done by comparing the potential increase in OPA titers.

Therefore, comparison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunization serum with the immunogenic composition of the invention can be conducted and compared for their response to a specific E. coli serotype, such as, for example, E. coli serotype O25B, to assess the potential for increase in OPA titers. In one embodiment the immunogenic compositions of the invention are able to significantly increase the OPA titer of human subjects as compared to the pre-immunized population.

In one aspect, the composition induces an immune response against at least one E. coli serotype. The E. coli serotype may be any serotype, including, for example, any one of the following E. coli serotypes: O1 (e.g., O1A, O1B, and O1C), O2, O3, O4 (e.g., O4:K52 and O4:K6), O5 (e.g., O5ab and O5ac (strain 180/C3)), O6 (e.g., O6:K2; K13; K15 and O6:K54), O7, O8, O9, O10, O11, O12, O13, O14, O15, O16, O17, O18 (e.g., O18A, O18ac, O18A1, O18B, and O18B1), O19, O20, O21, O22, O23 (e.g., O23A), O24, O25 (e.g., O25a and O25b), O26, O27, O28, O29, O30, O32, O33, O34, O35, O36, O37, O38, O39, O40, O41, O42, O43, O44, O45 (e.g., O45 and O45rel), O46, O48, O49, O50, O51, O52, O53, O54, O55, O56, O57, O58, O59, O60, O61, O62, 62D₁, O63, O64, O65, O66, O68, O69, O70, O71, O73 (e.g., O73 (strain 73-1)), O74, O75, O76, O77, O78, O79, O80, O81, O82, O83, O84, O85, O86, O87, O88, O89, O90, O91, O92, O93, O95, O96, O97, O98, O99, O100, O101, O102, O103, O104, O105, O106, O107, O108, O109, O110, O111, O112, O113, O114, O115, O116, O117, O118, O119, O120, O121, O123, O124, O125, O126, O127, O128, O129, O130, O131, O132, O133, O134, O135, O136, O137, O138, O139, O140, O141, O142, O143, O144, O145, O146, O147, O148, O149, O150, O151, O152, O153, O154, O155, O156, O157, O158, O159, O160, O161, O162, O163, O164, O165, O166, O167, O168, O169, O170, O171, O172, O173, O174, O175, O176, O177, O178, O179, O180, O181, O182, O183, O184, O185, O186, and O187. In one embodiment, the serotype is O25a. In another embodiment, the serotype is O25b. In another embodiment, the serotype is O1A. In another embodiment, the serotype is O2. In another embodiment, the serotype is O6. In another embodiment, the serotype is O6. In another embodiment, the serotype is O17. In another embodiment, the serotype is O15. In another embodiment, the serotype is O18A. In another embodiment, the serotype is O75. In another embodiment, the serotype is O4. In another embodiment, the serotype is O16. In another embodiment, the serotype is O13. In another embodiment, the serotype is O7. In another embodiment, the serotype is O8.

In a preferred embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least two E. coli serotypes. In another embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 3 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 4 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition includes an O-antigen from 5 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 6 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 7 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 8 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 9 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 10 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 11 different E. coli serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 12 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 13 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 14 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 15 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 16 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 17 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 18 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 19 different serotypes. In one embodiment, the composition induces an immune response against at least 20 different serotypes.

In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of binding to a specific E. coli serotype saccharide, such as, for example, an E. coli serotype O25B saccharide, as determined by an ELISA assay. Preferably, the enhanced immune response may include an increase in the production of IgG1 and/or IgG2a and/or IgM.

In the ELISA (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay) method, antibodies from the sera of vaccinated subjects are incubated with polysaccharides which have been adsorbed to a solid support. The bound antibodies are detected using enzyme-conjugated secondary detection antibodies. The ELISA measures type specific IgG anti-E coil polysaccharide antibodies present in human serum. When dilutions of human sera are added to type-specific polysaccharide-coated microtiter plates, antibodies specific for that polysaccharide bind to the microtiter plates. The antibodies bound to the plates are detected using a goat anti-human IgG alkaline phosphatase-labeled antibody followed by a p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate. The optical density of the colored end product is proportional to the amount of anti-O-antigen polysaccharide antibody present in the serum.

In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the OPA titers of human subjects against E. coli serotypes O25B, O1, O2, and O6 as compared to the pre-immunized population.

In some embodiments, the composition of the invention is effective to increase production of antibodies against E. coli in a mammal to a geometric mean titer (GMT) level of at least 1,000, preferably at least 5,000 and up to 200,000 initial dosing, such as, for example, about 30 days after initial dosing, preferably about 60 days after initial dosing. In a preferred embodiment, the composition is effective to increase production of antibodies against E. coli serotype O25B in a mammal to a geometric mean titer (GMT) level of at least 1,000, preferably at least 5,000 and up to 200,000 after initial dosing.

In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of binding an E. coli serotype corresponding to the repeat unit of the saccharide in the composition. For example, the composition may elicit IgG antibodies at a concentration of at least 0.2 pg/ml, 0.3 pg/ml, 0.35 pg/ml, 0.4 pg/ml or 0.5 pg/ml as determined by ELISA assay. Therefore, comparison of OPA activity of pre- and post-immunization serum with the immunogenic composition of the invention can be conducted and compared for their response to respective serotype to assess the potential increase of responders. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits IgG antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of killing the E. coli serotype corresponding to the repeat unit of the saccharide in the composition, as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits functional antibodies in humans, said antibodies being capable of killing the E. coli serotype corresponding to the repeat unit of the saccharide in the composition, as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention increases the proportion of responders (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) against the E. coli serotype corresponding to the repeat unit of the saccharide in the composition, as compared to the pre-immunized population. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition elicits a titer of at least 1:8 against the E. coli serotype corresponding to the repeat unit of the saccharide in the composition in at least 50% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention elicits a titer of at least 1:8 against the E. coli serotype corresponding to the repeat unit of the saccharide in the composition in at least 60%, 70%, 80%, or at least 90% of the subjects as determined by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the proportion of responders (i.e., individual with a serum having a titer of at least 1:8 as determined by in vitro OPA) against the E. coli serotype corresponding to the repeat unit of the saccharide in the composition, as compared to the pre-immunized population. In one embodiment, the immunogenic composition of the invention significantly increases the OPA titers of human subjects against the E. coli serotype corresponding to the repeat unit of the saccharide in the composition as compared to the pre-immunized population.

Methods

In another aspect, the invention relates to methods of preventing infection of a subject, e.g., a human subject, including administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition (e.g., an immunogenic composition) described herein.

In another aspect, the invention relates to methods of treating infection of a subject, e.g., a human subject, including administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition (e.g., an immunogenic composition) described herein.

In another aspect, the invention relates to methods of inducing an immune response in a subject, e.g., a human subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition (e.g., an immunogenic composition) described herein.

In another aspect, the invention relates to methods of inducing production of opsonophagocytic antibodies in a subject, e.g., a human subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of a composition (e.g., an immunogenic composition) described herein.

As used herein, the term “effective amount,” in the context of administering a composition described herein to a subject refers to the amount of the composition which has a prophylactic and/or therapeutic effect(s). In certain embodiments, an “effective amount” refers to the amount of a composition which is sufficient to achieve at least one, two, three, four, or more of the following effects: (i) reduce or ameliorate the severity of an E. coli infection or symptom associated therewith; (ii) reduce the duration of an E. coli infection or symptom associated therewith; (iii) prevent the progression of an E. coli infection or symptom associated therewith; (iv) cause regression of an E. coli infection or symptom associated therewith; (v) prevent the development or onset of an E. coli infection, or symptom associated therewith; (vi) prevent the recurrence of an E. coli infection or symptom associated therewith; (vii) reduce organ failure associated with an E. coli infection; (viii) reduce hospitalization of a subject having an E. coli infection; (ix) reduce hospitalization length of a subject having an E. coli infection; (x) increase the survival of a subject with an E. coli infection; (xi) eliminate an E. coli infection in a subject; (xii) inhibit or reduce E. coli replication in a subject; and/or (xiii) enhance or improve the prophylactic or therapeutic effect(s) of another therapy.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein are for use as a medicament. The immunogenic compositions described herein may be used in various therapeutic or prophylactic methods for preventing, treating or ameliorating a bacterial infection, disease or condition in a subject. In particular, immunogenic compositions described herein may be used to prevent, treat or ameliorate a E. coli infection, disease or condition in a subject.

Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associated with E. coli in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogenic composition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection, disease or condition associated with E. coli in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogenic composition of the invention.

In one aspect, the invention provides a method of inducing an immune response to E. coli in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogenic composition of the invention.

In one aspect, the immunogenic compositions of the present invention are for use in a method for preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection, disease or condition caused by E. coli in a subject. In another aspect, the compositions of the invention are for use in a method for protecting a mammal against an infection, disease or condition caused by E. coli.

In one embodiment, any of the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein is for use in a method of immunizing a subject against infection by E. coli.

In one aspect, the present invention is directed toward the use of the immunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of a medicament for preventing, treating or ameliorating an infection, disease or condition caused by E. coli in a subject.

In an embodiment, the present invention is directed toward the use of the immunogenic composition disclosed herein for the manufacture of a medicament for immunizing a subject against infection by E. coli.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein are for use as a vaccine. More particularly, the immunogenic compositions described herein may be used to prevent E. coli infections in a subject. Thus, in one aspect, the invention provides a method of preventing an infection by E. coli in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an immunologically effective amount of an immunogenic composition of the invention.

In some such embodiments, the infection is selected from any one of urinary tract infection, cholecystitis, cholangitis, diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome, neonatal meningitis, urosepsis, intra-abdominal infection, meningitis, complicated pneumonia, wound infection, post-prostate biopsy-related infection, neonatal/infant sepsis, neutropenic fever, pneumonia, bacteremia, and sepsis, and other blood stream infection. For example, E. coli serotypes that are associated with neonatal meningitis include serotypes O1, O6, O7, O16, O18 and O83. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the composition includes a conjugate that includes a saccharide having a structure selected from any one of Formula O1, Formula O6, Formula O7, Formula O16, Formula O18, Formula O83, and any combination of conjugates thereof. As another example, E. coli serotypes that are associated with bacteremia include serotypes O1, O2, O6, O15 and O75. Accordingly, in another embodiment, the composition includes at least one conjugate that includes a saccharide having a structure selected from any one of Formula O1, O2, O6, O15 and O75, and any combination of conjugates thereof. As a further example, E. coli O1 and O2 strains, such as O1:K1:H7 or O2:K1:H4, O2:K1:H5, O2:K1:H6, and O2:K1:H7, were identified as causative agents of urinary tract infection, septicaemia, and neonatal meningitis in humans and animals. Both O1 and O2 serogroups account for the majority of strains causing bacteraemia and sepsis in human patients. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the composition includes a conjugate that includes saccharide having Formula O1 and a conjugate that includes a saccharide having Formula O2.

Accordingly, by raising an immune response in the mammal by these uses and methods, the mammal can be protected against E. coli infection, including ExPEC and non-ExPEC strains. The invention is particularly useful for providing broad protection against pathogenic E. coli, including intestinal pathotypes such as EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, ETEC and DAEC pathotypes. Thus the mammal may be protected against diseases including, but not limited to peritonitis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, endocarditis, prostatitis, urinary tract infections (UTIs), meningitis (particularly neonatal meningitis), sepsis (or SIRS), dehydration, pneumonia, diarrhea (infantile, travelers', acute, persistent, etc.), bacillary dysentery, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), pericarditis, bacteriuria, etc.

In one aspect, the subject to be vaccinated is a mammal, such as a human, cat, sheep, pig, horse, bovine or dog. Preferably, the subject to be vaccinated is a human. Where the vaccine is for prophylactic use, the human is preferably a child (e.g. a toddler or infant) or a teenager or an adult; where the vaccine is for therapeutic use, the human is preferably a teenager or an adult. A vaccine intended for children may also be administered to adults e.g. to assess safety, dosage, immunogenicity, etc.

Vaccines of the invention may be used to treat both children and adults. Thus a human patient may be less than 1 year old, 1-5 years old, 5-15 years old, 15-55 years old, or at least 55 years old. Preferred patients for receiving the vaccines are the elderly (e.g. 50 years old, 60 years old, and preferably 65 years), the young (e.g. ≤5 years old), hospitalised patients, healthcare workers, armed service and military personnel, pregnant women, the chronically ill, or immunodeficient patients. The vaccines are not suitable solely for these groups, however, and may be used more generally in a population.

Vaccines of the invention are particularly useful for patients who are expecting a surgical operation, or other hospital in-patients. They are also useful in patients who will be catheterized. They are also useful in adolescent females (e.g. aged 11-18) and in patients with chronic urinary tract infections.

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein are administered by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intradermal or subcutaneous routes. In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein are administered by intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intradermal or subcutaneous injection. In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein are administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a method comprising the step of (i) injecting to a subject an immunologically effective amount of any of the immunogenic compositions defined herein; (ii) collecting a serum sample from said subject; (iii) testing said serum sample for opsonophagocytic killing activity against E. coli serotype O25B by in vitro opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA).

Subjects

As disclosed herein, the immunogenic compositions described herein may be used in various therapeutic or prophylactic methods for preventing, treating or ameliorating a bacterial infection, disease or condition in a subject.

In a preferred embodiment, said subject is a human. In a most preferred embodiment, said subject is a newborn (i.e., under three months of age), an infant (i.e., from 3 months to one year of age) or a toddler (i.e., from one year to four years of age).

In an embodiment, the immunogenic compositions disclosed herein are for use as a vaccine.

In an embodiment, the subject to be vaccinated may be less than 1 year of age. For example, the subject to be vaccinated can be about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11 or about 12 months of age. In an embodiment, the subject to be vaccinated is about 2, 4 or 6 months of age. In another embodiment, the subject to be vaccinated is less than 2 years of age. For example, the subject to be vaccinated can be about 12 to about 15 months of age. In some cases, as little as one dose of the immunogenic composition according to the invention is needed, but under some circumstances, a second, third or fourth dose may be administered.

In an embodiment, the subject to be vaccinated may be less than 18 years of age. For example, the subject to be vaccinated can be about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, or about 17 years of age. For example, the subject to be vaccinated can be about 10 to about 18 years of age. In some cases, as little as one dose of the immunogenic composition according to the invention is needed, but under some circumstances, a second, third or fourth dose may be administered.

In another embodiment, the subject to be vaccinated may be a human 18 years of age or order. For example, the subject to be vaccinated can be about 18 to about 50 years of age. In some cases, as little as one dose of the immunogenic composition according to the invention is needed, but under some circumstances, a second, third or fourth dose may be administered.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the subject to be vaccinated is a human 50 years of age or older, more preferably a human 55 years of age or older. In an embodiment, the subject to be vaccinated is a human 65 years of age or older, 70 years of age or older, 75 years of age or older or 80 years of age or older. In an embodiment the subject to be vaccinated is an immunocompromised individual, a human. An immunocompromised individual is generally defined as a person who exhibits an attenuated or reduced ability to mount a normal humoral or cellular defense to challenge by infectious agents.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the immunocompromised subject to be vaccinated suffers from a disease or condition that impairs the immune system and results in an antibody response that is insufficient to protect against or treat a urinary tract infection.

In an embodiment, said disease is a primary immunodeficiency disorder. Preferably, said primary immunodeficiency disorder is selected from any one of combined T- and B-cell immunodeficiencies, antibody deficiencies, well-defined syndromes, immune dysregulation diseases, phagocyte disorders, innate immunity deficiencies, autoinflammatory disorders, and complement deficiencies.

In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the immunocompromised subject to be vaccinated suffers from a disease selected from any one of HIV-infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, chronic heart or lung disorders, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic liver disease, alcoholism, cirrhosis, spinal fluid leaks, cardiomyopathy, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), spleen dysfunction (such as sickle cell disease), lack of spleen function (asplenia), blood malignancy, leukemia, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease, lymphoma, kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome and asthma.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the subject to be vaccinated suffers from malnutrition.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the subject to be vaccinated is taking a drug or treatment that lowers the body's resistance to infection.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the subject to be vaccinated is a smoker.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the subject to be vaccinated has a white blood cell count (leukocyte count) below 5×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 4×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 3×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 2×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 1×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 0.5×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 0.3×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 0.1×10⁹ cells per liter.

White blood cell count (leukocyte count): The number of white blood cells (WBC) in the blood. The WBC is usually measured as part of the CBC (complete blood count). White blood cells are the infection-fighting cells in the blood and are distinct from the red (oxygen-carrying) blood cells known as erythrocytes. There are different types of white blood cells, including neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes; PMN), band cells (slightly immature neutrophils), T-type lymphocytes (T-cells), B-type lymphocytes (B-cells), monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. All the types of white blood cells are reflected in the white blood cell count. The normal range for the white blood cell count is usually between 4,300 and 10,800 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. This can also be referred to as the leukocyte count and can be expressed in international units as 4.3-10.8×10⁹ cells per liter.

In an embodiment, the subject to be vaccinated suffers from neutropenia. For example, the subject to be vaccinated may have a neutrophil count below 2×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 1×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 0.5×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 0.1×10⁹ cells per liter, or below 0.05×10⁹ cells per liter.

A low white blood cell count or “neutropenia” is a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of neutrophils in the circulating blood. Neutrophils are a specific kind of white blood cell that help prevent and fight infections. The most common reason that cancer patients experience neutropenia is as a side effect of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia increases a patient's risk of infection and disrupts cancer treatment.

In an embodiment, the subject to be vaccinated has a CD4+ cell count below 500/mm³, or CD4+ cell count below 300/mm³, or CD4+ cell count below 200/mm³, CD4+ cell count below 100/mm³, CD4+ cell count below 75/mm³, or CD4+ cell count below 50/mm³.

CD4 cell tests are normally reported as the number of cells in mm³. Normal CD4 counts are between 500 and 1600, and CD8 counts are between 375 and 1 100. CD4 counts drop dramatically in people with HIV.

In an embodiment of the invention, any of the immunocompromised subject disclosed herein is a human male or a human female.

Regimen

In some cases, as little as one dose of the immunogenic composition according to the invention is effective, under other circumstances, such as conditions of greater immune deficiency, a second, third or fourth dose may be administered. Following an initial vaccination, subjects can receive one or several booster immunizations adequately spaced.

In an embodiment, the schedule of vaccination of the immunogenic composition according to the invention is a single dose. In another embodiment, said single dose schedule is for healthy persons being at least 2 years of age.

In an embodiment, the schedule of vaccination of the immunogenic composition according to the invention is a multiple dose schedule. In another embodiment, said multiple dose schedule includes a series of 2 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month to about 2 months. In an embodiment, said multiple dose schedule includes a series of 2 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month, or a series of 2 doses separated by an interval of about 2 months.

In another embodiment, said multiple dose schedule includes a series of 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month to about 2 months. In another embodiment, said multiple dose schedule includes a series of 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month, or a series of 3 doses separated by an interval of about 2 months.

In another embodiment, said multiple dose schedule includes a series of 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month to about 2 months followed by a fourth dose about 10 months to about 13 months after the first dose. In another embodiment, said multiple dose schedule includes a series of 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month followed by a fourth dose about 10 months to about 13 months after the first dose, or a series of 3 doses separated by an interval of about 2 months followed by a fourth dose about 10 months to about 13 months after the first dose.

In an embodiment, the multiple dose schedule includes at least one dose (e.g., 1, 2 or 3 doses) in the first year of age followed by at least one toddler dose.

In an embodiment, the multiple dose schedule includes a series of 2 or 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 month to about 2 months (for example 28-56 days between doses), starting at 2 months of age, and followed by a toddler dose at 12-18 months of age. In an embodiment, said multiple dose schedule includes a series of 3 doses separated by an interval of about 1 to 2 months (for example 28-56 days between doses), starting at 2 months of age, and followed by a toddler dose at 12-15 months of age. In another embodiment, said multiple dose schedule includes a series of 2 doses separated by an interval of about 2 months, starting at 2 months of age, and followed by a toddler dose at 12-18 months of age. In an embodiment, the multiple dose schedule includes a 4-dose series of vaccine at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months of age.

In an embodiment, a prime dose is given at day 0 and one or more boosts are given at intervals that range from about 2 to about 24 weeks, preferably with a dosing interval of 4-8 weeks.

In an embodiment, a prime dose is given at day 0 and a boost is given about 3 months later.

Kit and Process

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a kit comprising an immunogenic composition disclosed herein and an information leaflet.

In an embodiment said information leaflet includes the ability of the composition to elicit functional antibodies against E. coli.

In an embodiment said information leaflet includes the ability of the composition to elicit OPA titers against E. coli serotype O25B in a human population. In an embodiment said information leaflet includes the ability of the composition to elicit OPA titers against E. coli serotype O1 in a human population. In an embodiment said information leaflet includes the ability of the composition to elicit OPA titers against E. coli serotype O2 in a human population. In an embodiment said information leaflet includes the ability of the composition to elicit OPA titers against E. coli serotype O6 in a human population.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of (i) producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure and (ii) combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and information leaflet, wherein said information leaflet mentions the ability of said composition to elicit functional antibodies against E. coli.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of (i) producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure and (ii) combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and information leaflet, wherein said information leaflet mentions the ability of the composition to elicit anti-O-antigen antibodies against E. coli in a human population.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of (i) producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure and (ii) combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and information leaflet, wherein said information leaflet mentions the ability of the composition to elicit OPA titers against E. coli in a human population.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of (i) producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure; (ii) printing an information leaflet wherein said information leaflet mentions the ability of said composition to elicit functional antibodies against E. coli; (iii) combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and said information leaflet.

In an embodiment, the invention is directed toward a process for producing a kit comprising an immunogenic composition and an information leaflet, said process comprising the step of (i) producing an immunogenic composition of the present disclosure; (ii) printing an information leaflet wherein said information leaflet mentions the ability of the composition to elicit OPA titers against E. coli in a human population; (iii) combining in the same kit said immunogenic composition and said information leaflet.

EXAMPLES

In order that this invention may be better understood, the following examples are set forth. These examples are for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. The following Examples illustrate some embodiments of the invention.

Example 1: E. coli and S. enterica Strains

Clinical strains and derivatives are listed in Table 3. Additional reference strains included: O25K5H1, a clinical O25a serotype strain; and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain LT2.

Gene knockouts in E. coli strains removing the targeted open-reading frame but leaving a short scar sequence were constructed.

The hydrolyzed O-antigen chain and core sugars are indicated subsequently as O-Polysaccharide (OPS) for simplicity.

TABLE 3 E. coli Strains Strain Strain Alias Genotype Serotype GAR2401 PFEEC0100 wt (blood isolate) O25b ′2401ΔwzzB — ΔwzzB O25b ′2401ΔAraAΔ(OPS) — ΔAraA Δ(rflB-wzzB) OPS- O25K5H1 PFEEC0101 wt O25a O25K5H1ΔwzzB ΔwzzB O25a BD559 — W3110 ΔAraA ΔfhuA ΔrecA OPS- BD559ΔwzzB — W3110ΔAraA ΔfhuA OPS- ΔrecAΔwzzB BD559A(OPS) — BD559 Δ(rflB-wzzB) OPS- GAR2831 PFEEC0102 wt (blood isolate) O25b GAR865 PFEEC0103 wt (blood isolate) O2 GAR868 PFEEC0104 wt (blood isolate) O2 GAR869 PFEEC0105 wt (blood isolate) O15 GAR872 PFEEC0106 wt (blood isolate) O1 GAR878 PFEEC0107 wt (blood isolate) O75 GAR896 PFEEC0108 wt (blood isolate) O15 GAR1902 PFEEC0109 wt (blood isolate) O6 Atlas187913 PFEEC0068 wt (blood isolate) O25b Salmonella enterica serovar — wt N/A Typhimurium strain LT2

Example 2: Oligonucleotide Primers for wzzB, fepE and O-Antigen Gene Cluster Cloning

TABLE 4 Oligonucleotide Primers Name Primer Sequence Comments LT2wzzB_S GAAGCAAACCGTACGCGTAAAG based on Genbank (SEQ ID NO: 1) GCA_000006945.2 LT2wzzB_AS CGACCAGCTCTTACACGGCG Salmonella enterica (SEQ ID NO: 2) serovar Typhimurium strain LT2 O25bFepE_S GAAATAGGACCACTAATAAATACACAAATTAATAAC Based on Genbank (SEQ ID NO: 3) GCA_000285655.3 O25bFepE_A ATAATTGACGATCCGGTTGCC O25b EC958 strain (SEQ ID NO: 4) ST131 assembly and O25b GAR2401 WGS data wzzB P1_S GCTATTTACGCCCTGATTGTCTTTTGT  based on E. coli K-12 (SEQ ID NO: 5) strain sequence, wzzB P2_AS ATTGAGAACCTGCGTAAACGGC  Genbank MG1655 (SEQ ID NO: 6) NC_000913.3 or W3110 wzzB P3_S TGAAGAGCGGTTCAGATAACTTCC  assembly (SEQ ID NO: 7) GCA_000010245.1 (UDP-glucose-6-dehydrogenase) wzzB P4_AS CGATCCGGAAACCTCCTACAC (SEQ ID NO: 8) (Phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase/ Phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase) O157 FepE_S GATTATTCGCGCAACGCTAAACAGAT  E. coli O157 fepE (SEQ ID NO: 9) (based on Genbank TGATCATTGACGATCCGGTAGCC  EDL933 strain O157 FepE_AS (SEQ ID NO: 10) GCA_000732965.1) pBAD33_adaptor_S CGGTAGCTGTAAAGCCAGGGGCGGTAGCGTG Adaptor has central GTTTAAACCCAAGCAACAGATCGGCGTCGTCG Pmel site and homology GTATGGA (SEQ ID NO: 11) to conserved 5′ OAg operon promoter and 3′ pBAD33_adaptor_AS AGCTTCCATACCGACGACGCCGATCTGTTGCTT gnd gene sequences GGGTTTAAACCACGCTACCGCCCCTGGCTTTA CAGCTACCGAGCT (SEQ ID NO: 12) JUMPSTART_r GGTAGCTGTAAAGCCAGGGGCGGTAGCGTG Universal Jumpstart (SEQ ID NO: 13) (OAg operon promoter) gnd_f CCATACCGACGACGCCGATCTGTTGCTTGG Universal 3′ OAg (gnd) (SEQ ID NO: 14) operon antisense primer

Example 3: Plasmids

Plasmid vectors and subclones are listed in Table 5. PCR fragments harboring various E. coli and Salmonella wzzB and fepE genes were amplified from purified genomic DNA and subcloned into the high copy number plasmid provided in the Invitrogen PCR®Blunt cloning kit FIG. 1. This plasmid is based on the pUC replicon. Primers P3 and P4 were used to amplify E. coli wzzB genes with their native promoter, and are designed to bind to regions in proximal and distal genes encoding UDP-glucose-6-dehydrogenase and phosphoribosyladenine nucleotide hydrolase respectively (annotated in Genbank MG1655 NC_000913.3). A PCR fragment containing Salmonella fepE gene and promoter were amplified using primers previously described. Analogous E. coli fepE primers were designed based on available Genbank genome sequences or whole genome data generated internally (in case of GAR2401 and O25K5H1). Low copy number plasmid pBAD33 was used to express O-antigen biosynthetic genes under control of the arabinose promoter. The plasmid was first modified to facilitate cloning (via Gibson method) of long PCR fragments amplified using universal primers homologous to the 5′ promoter and 3′ 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (gnd) gene Table 5. The pBAD33 subclone containing the O25b biosynthetic operon is illustrated in FIG. 1.

TABLE 5 Plasmids Resistance Name Replicon marker Comments PCR ® Blunt II TOPO pUC KanR Invitrogen PCR cloning vector pBAD33 P15a CamR Arabinose inducible vector pBAD33-OAg P15a CamR OAg operon Gibson cloning vector pBAD33-O25b P15a CamR O25b OAg expression plasmid pBAD33-O21 P15a CamR O21 OAg expression plasmid pBAD33-O16 P15a CamR O16 OAg expression plasmid pBAD33-O75 P15a CamR O75 OAg expression plasmid pBAD33-O1 P15a CamR O1 OAg expression plasmid pBAD33-O2 P15a CamR O2 OAg expression plasmid pTOPO-O25b 2401 wzzB pUC KanR GAR 2401 gDNA template pTOPO-O25b 2401 fepE pUC KanR pTOPO-K12 wzzB pUC KanR E. coli K-12 strain gDNA template pTOPO-O25a wzzB pUC KanR E. coli O25a strain O25K5H1 pTOPO-025a fepE pUC KanR gDNA template pTOPO-Salmonella LT2 pUC KanR Salmonella enterica serovar wzzB Typhimurium strain LT2 gDNA pTOPO-Salmonella LT2 pUC KanR template fepE pTOPO-O25a ETEC wzzB pUC KanR O25a ETEC strain gDNA pTOPO-O25a ETEC fepE pUC KanR purchased from ATCC (″NR-5″ E2539-C1) pTOPO-O157fepE pUC KanR O157:H7:K- Shigella toxin strain gDNA purchased from ATCC (EDL933 #43895D-5)

Example 4: O-antigen Purification

The fermentation broth was treated with acetic acid to a final concentration of 1-2% (final pH of 4.1). The extraction of OAg and delipidation were achieved by heating the acid treated broth to 100° C. for 2 hours. At the end of the acid hydrolysis, the batch was cooled to ambient temperature and 14% NH₄OH was added to a final pH of 6.1. The neutralized broth was centrifuged and the centrate was collected. To the centrate was added CaCl₂ in sodium phosphate and the resulting slurry was incubated for 30 mins at room temperature. The solids were removed by centrifugation and the centrate was concentrated 12-fold using a 10 kDa membrane, followed by two diafiltrations against water. The retentate which contained OAg was then purified using a carbon filter. The carbon filtrate was diluted 1:1 (v/v) with 4.0M ammonium sulfate. The final ammonium sulfate concentration was 2M. The ammonium sulfate treated carbon filtrate was further purified using a membrane with 2M ammonium sulfate as the running buffer. The OAg was collected in the flow through. For the long OAg the HIC filtrate was concentrated and then buffer exchanged against water (20 diavolumes) using a 5 kDa membrane. For the short (native) OAg polysaccharide, the MWCO was further reduced to enhance yield.

Example 5: Conjugation of O25b Long O-Antigen to CRM₁₉₇

The first set of long chain O25b polysaccharide-CRM₁₉₇ conjugates were produced using periodate oxidation followed by conjugation using reductive amination chemistry (RAC) (Table 7). Conjugate variants with three activation levels (low, medium and high) by varying the oxidation levels. Conjugates were produced by reacting the lyophilized activated polysaccharides with lyophilized CRM₁₉₇, reconstituted in DMSO medium, using sodium cyanoborohydride as the reducing agent. Conjugation reactions were carried out at 23° C. for 24 hrs, followed by capping using sodium borohydride for 3 hrs. Following the conjugation quenching step, conjugates were purified by ultrafiltration/diafiltration with 100K MWCO regenerated cellulose membrane, using 5 mM Succinate/0.9% NaCl, pH 6.0. Final filtration of the conjugates were performed using a 0.22 μm membrane.

Unless expressly stated otherwise, the conjugates disclosed throughout the following Examples include a core saccharide moiety.

1.1. Long O-Antigen Expression Conferred by Heterologous Polymerase Chain Length Regulators

Initial E. coli strain construction focused on the O25 serotype. Goal was to overexpress heterologous wzzB or fepE genes to see if they confer longer chain length in O25 wzzB knockout strains. First, blood isolates were screened by PCR to identify strains of the O25a and O25b subtype. Next, strains were screened for sensitivity to ampicillin. A single ampicillin-sensitive O25b isolate GAR2401 was identified into which a wzzB deletion was introduced. Similarly, a wzzB deletion was made in O25a strain O25K5H1. For genetic complementation of these mutations, wzzB genes from GAR 2401 and O25K5H1 were subcloned into the high copy PCR-Blunt II cloning vector and introduced into both strains by electroporation. Additional wzzB genes from E. coli K-12 and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 were similarly cloned and transferred; likewise fepE genes from E. coli O25K5H1, GAR 2401, O25a ETEC NR-5, O157:H7:K- and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2.

Genetic complementation of LPS expression in plasmid transformants of wzzB knockout strains O25K5H1 (O25a) and GAR2401 (O25b) is shown in FIG. 2. Bacteria were grown overnight in LB medium and LPS was extracted with phenol, resolved by SDS PAGE (4-12% acrylamide) and stained. Each well of the gel was loaded with LPS extracted from the same number of bacterial cells (approximately 2 OD₆₀₀ units). Size of LPS was estimated from an internal native E. coli LPS standard and by counting the ladder discernable from a subset of samples showing a broad distribution of chain lengths (differing by one repeat unit). On the left side of panel A of FIG. 3, LPS profiles of plasmid transformants of O25a O25K5HΔwzzB are shown; and on the right, analogous profiles of O25b GAR 2401ΔwzzB transformants. An immunoblot of a replicate gel probed with O25-specific sera is shown in panel B of FIG. 3.

Results from this experiment show that introduction of the homologous wzzB gene into the E. coli O25aΔwzzB host restores expression of short O25 LPS (10-20×), as does the Salmonella LT2 wzzB. Introduction of the O25b wzzB gene from GAR2401 does not, suggesting the WzzB enzyme from this strain is defective. A comparison of E. coli WzzB amino acid sequences suggests that A210E and P253S substitutions may be responsible. Significantly, Salmonella LT2 fepE and E. coli fepE from O25a O25K5H1 conferred the ability to express very long (VL) OAg LPS, with the Salmonella LT2 fepE resulting in OAg exceeding in size that conferred by E. coli fepE.

A similar pattern of expression was observed with GAR2401ΔwzzB transformants: E. coli O25a or K12 strain wzzB restored ability to produce short LPS. The Salmonella LT2 fepE generated the longest LPS, the E. coli fepE a slightly shorter LPS, while the Salmonella LT2 wzzB yielded an intermediate sized long LPS (L). The ability of other E. coli fepE genes to produce very long LPS was assessed in a separate experiment with transformants of E. coli O25aΔwzzB. The fepE genes from GAR2401, an O25a ETEC strain and an O157 Shigella toxin producing strain also conferred the ability to produce very long LPS, but not as long as the LPS generated with the Salmonella LT2 fepE (FIG. 4). An alignment of the FepE amino acid sequences is shown in FIG. 5.

Having established in serotype O25a and O25b strains that Salmonella LT2 fepE generates the longest LPS of the polymerase regulators evaluated, we next sought to determine whether it would also produce very long LPS in other E. coli serotypes. Wild-type bacteremia isolates of serotype O1, O2, O6, O15 and O75 were transformed with the Salmonella fepE plasmid and LPS extracted. The results shown in FIG. 6 confirm that Salmonella fepE can confer the ability to make very long LPS in other prevalent serotypes associated with blood-infections. Results also show that plasmid-based expression of Salmonella fepE appears to override the control of chain length normally exerted by endogenous wzzB in these strains.

1.2. Plasmid-Based Expression of O-Antigens in a Common E. coli Host Strain.

From the perspective of bioprocess development, the ability to produce O-antigens of different serotypes in a common E. coli host instead of multiple strains would greatly simplify the manufacturing of individual antigens. To this end, O-antigen gene clusters from different serotypes were amplified by PCR and cloned into a low-copy number plasmid (pBAD33) under control of an arabinose regulated promoter. This plasmid is compatible (can coexist) with the Salmonella LT2 fepE plasmid in E. coli as it harbors a different (p15a) replicon and different selectable marker (chloramphenicol vs kanamycin). In a first experiment, a pBAD33 025b operon plasmid subclone was cotransfected with the Salmonella LT2 fepE plasmid into GAR240ΔwzzB and transformants grown in the presence or absence of 0.2% arabinose. Results shown in FIG. 7 demonstrated that very long O-antigen LPS was produced in an arabinose-dependent manner.

O-antigen gene clusters cloned from other serotypes were similarly evaluated and the results shown in FIG. 8. Co-expression of Salmonella LT2 fepE and pBAD33-OAg plasmids resulted in detectable long chain LPS corresponding to O1, O2 (for two out of four clones), O16, O21 and O75 serotypes. For unknown reasons, the pBAD33-O6 plasmid failed to yield detectable LPS in all four isolates tested. Although expression level was variable, results show that expression of long chain O-antigens in a common host is feasible. However, in some cases further optimization to improve expression may be required, for example by modification of plasmid promoter sequences.

The profiles of LPS from different serotype O25 E. coli strains with or without the Salmonella LT2 fepE plasmid are shown in FIG. 11. Two strains were studied for fermentation, extraction and purification of O-antigens: GAR2831, for the production of native short O25b OAg; and GAR2401ΔwzzB/fepE, for the production of long O25b OAg. The corresponding short and long form LPSs shown in the FIG. 11 SDS-PAGE gel are highlighted in red.

Polysaccharides were extracted directly from fermented bacteria with acetic acid and purified. Size exclusion chromatography profiles of purified short and long or very long O25b polysaccharides are shown in FIG. 12. The properties of two lots of short polysaccharide (from GAR2831) are compared with a single very long polysaccharide preparation (from strain GAR2401ΔwzzB/fepE). The molecular mass of the long O-antigen is 3.3-fold greater than that of the short O-antigen, and the number of repeat units was estimated to be -65 (very long) vs −20. See Table 6.

TABLE 6 Poly Lot # Native Native Modified (long chain) Poly Lot # 709766-24A 709722-24B 709766-25A Poly MW (kDa) 17.3 16.3 55.3 # Repeat Units 20 19 64

The very long O25b O-antigen polysaccharide was conjugated to diphtheria toxoid CRM₁₉₇ using a conventional reductive amination process. Three different lots of glycoconjugate were prepared with varying degree of periodate activation: medium (5.5%), low (4.4%) and high (8.3%). The resulting preparations and unconjugated polysaccharide were shown to be free of endotoxin contamination) (Table 7).

Groups of four rabbits (New Zealand White females) were each vaccinated with 10 mcg of glycoconjugate and 20 mcg of QS21 adjuvant and serum sampled (VAC-2017-PRL-EC-0723) according to the schedule shown in FIG. 13A. It is worth noting that a 10 mcg dose is at the low end of the range customarily given to rabbits in the evaluation of bacterial glycoconjugates (20-50 mcg is more typical). A group of rabbits was also vaccinated in a separate study (VAC-2017-PRL-GB-0698) with unconjugated polysaccharide using the same dose (10 mcg polysaccharide+20 mcg QS21 adjuvant) and identical administration schedule.

Rabbit antibody responses to the three O25b glycoconjugate preparations were evaluated in a LUMINEX assay in which carboxy beads were coated with methylated human serum albumin prebound with unconjugated O25b long polysaccharide. The presence of O25b-specific IgG antibodies in serum samples was detected with a phycoerythrin(PE)-labelled anti-IgG secondary antibody. The profiles of immune responses observed in sera sampled at week 0 (pre-immune), week 6 (post-dose 2, PD2), week 8 (post-dose 3, PD3) and week 12 (post-dose 4, PD4) in best-responding rabbits (one from each group of four) are shown in FIG. 14. No significant pre-immune serum IgG titers were detected in any of the 12 rabbits. In contrast, O25b antigen-specific antibody responses were detected in post-vaccination sera from rabbits in all three groups, with the low-activation glycoconjugate group responses trending slightly higher than the medium or high activation glycoconjugate groups. Maximal responses were observed by the post-dose 3 timepoint. One rabbit in the low activation group and one rabbit from the high activation group failed to respond to vaccination (non-responders).

To assess the impact of CRM₁₉₇ carrier protein conjugation on immunogenicity of the long O25b OAg polysaccharide, the presence of antibodies in sera from rabbits vaccinated with unconjugated polysaccharide was compared with sera from rabbits vaccinated with the low activation CRM₁₉₇ glycoconjugate FIG. 15. Remarkably, the free polysaccharide was not immunogenic, eliciting virtually no IgG responses in immune vs preimmune sera (panel A). In contrast, O25b OAg-specific IgG mean fluorescence intensity values (MFIs) of approximately ten-fold above pre-immune serum levels were observed in PD4 sera from three out of four rabbits vaccinated with O25b OAg-CRM₁₉₇, across a range of serum dilutions (from 1:100 to 1:6400). These results demonstrate the necessity of carrier protein conjugation to generate IgG antibodies to the O25b OAg polysaccharide at the 10 mcg dose level.

Bacteria grown on TSA plates were suspended in PBS, adjusted to OD₆₀₀ of 2.0 and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS. After blocking in 4% BSA/PBS for 1 h, bacteria were incubated with serial dilutions of pre-immune and PD3 immune sera in 2% BSA/PBS, and bound IgG detected with PE-labeled secondary F(ab) antibody.

Specificity of the O25b antibodies elicited by the O25b OAg-CRM₁₉₇ was demonstrated in flow cytometry experiments with intact bacteria. Binding of IgG to whole cells was detected with PE-conjugated F(ab′)₂ fragment goat anti-rabbit IgG in an Accuri flow cytometer.

As shown in FIG. 16, pre-immune rabbit antibodies failed to bind to wild-type serotype O25b isolates GAR2831 and GAR2401 or to a K-12 E. coli strain, whereas matched PD3 antibodies stained the O25b bacteria in a concentration dependent manner. Negative control K-12 strain which lacks the ability to express OAg showed only very weak binding of PD3 antibodies, most likely due to the presence of exposed inner core oligosaccharide epitopes on its surface. Introduction of the Salmonella fepE plasmid into the wild-type O25b isolates resulted in significantly enhanced staining, consistent with the higher density of immunogenic epitopes provided by the longer OAg polysaccharide.

Conclusion: The results described show that not only is Salmonella fepE the determinant of very long O-antigen polysaccharides in Salmonella species, but that it also can confer on E. coli strains of different O-antigen serotypes the ability to make very long OAgs. This property can be exploited to produce O-antigen vaccine polysaccharides with improved properties for bioprocess development, by facilitating purification and chemical conjugation to appropriate carrier proteins, and by potentially enhancing immunogenicity through the formation of higher molecular weight complexes.

Example 6: Initial Rabbit Studies Generated First Polyclonal Antibody Reagents and IgG Responses to RAC O25b OAg-CRM₁₉₇

Long chain O25b polysaccharide-CRM₁₉₇ conjugates were produced using periodate oxidation followed by conjugation using reductive amination chemistry (RAC) (Table 7). See also Table 17.

TABLE 7 132242-28 132242-27 132242-29 709766-29 CRM₁₉₇ Medium 5.5% Low 4.5% High 8.3% Free O25b conjugate activation activation activation polysaccharide Polysaccharide 0.7 0.6 0.67 1 concentration (mg/mL) Endotoxin (EU/ug) 0.02 0.02 0.02  <0.6 EU Matrix 5 urn Succinate buffer/saline, pH 6.0

In Rabbit Study 1 (VAC-2017-PRL-EC-0723) (also described above in Example 5)—five (5) rabbits/group, with 10 ug L-, M- or H-activation RAC (+QS21) received a composition according to the schedule shown in FIG. 13A. Unconjugated free O25b polysaccharide was observed not to be immunogenic in a follow-up rabbit Study (VAC-2017-PRL-GB-0698) (see FIG. 18).

In Rabbit Study 2 (VAC-2018-PRL-EC-077)—2 rabbits/group, with L-RAC (AlOH₃, QS21, or no adjuvant) received a composition according to the schedule shown in FIG. 13B.

Rabbits 4-1, 4-2, 5-1, 5-2, 6-1, and 6-2 received the very long unconjugated O25b polysaccharide described in Example 5, and week 18 sera were tested.

More specifically, a composition including 50 ug unconjugated O25b, 100 ug AlOH₃ adjuvant was administered to Rabbit 4-1. A composition including 50 ug unconjugated O25b, 100 ug AlOH₃ adjuvant was administered to Rabbit 4-2. A composition including 50 ug unconjugated O25b, 50 ug QS-21 adjuvant was administered to Rabbit 5-1. A composition including 50 ug unconjugated O25b, 50 ug QS-21 adjuvant was administered to Rabbit 5-2. A composition including 50 ug unconjugated O25b, no adjuvant was administered to Rabbit 6-1. A composition including 50 ug unconjugated O25b, no adjuvant was administered to Rabbit 6-2.

Example 7: Rabbit Studies with O25b RAC Conjugate: dLIA Serum Dilution Titers

Rabbit Study 2 (VAC-2018-PRL-EC-077) O25b dLIA serum dilution titers vs best responding rabbit from study 1 (VAC-2017-PRL-EC-0723). For these experiments a modified direct binding Luminex assay was implemented in which a polylysine conjugate of O25b long O-antigen was passively adsorbed onto the Luminex carboxy beads instead of the methylated serum albumin long O-antigen mixture described previously. The use of the polylysine-O25b conjugate improved the sensitivity of the assay and the quality of IgG concentration dependent responses, permitting determination of serum dilution titers through use of curve-fitting (four parameter non-linear equation). O25b IgG titers in sera from highest titer rabbit from first study is compared with sera from second study rabbits in Table 8.

TABLE 8 O25b-CRM Low Activation O25b-CRM Low O25b-CRM Low Conjugate Activation Conjugate Activation without with Alum Adjuvant Conjugate with Adjuvant (EC₅₀ (EC₅₀ as serum QS21 Adjuvant (EC₅₀ as serum dilution) as serum dilution) dilution) Rabbit Rabbit Rabbit Rabbit Rabbit Rabbit 1-1 1-2 2-1 2-2 3-1 3-2 Week 3 ~1:200  ~1:200  <1:100  <1:100  ~1:200  ~1:200  Antisera (3 wks after primary) Week 7   1:1600   1:4000   1:250    1:500    1:250    1:1500 Antisera (1 wk after boost 1) Week 10   1:1100   1:1900   1:250    1:500    1:800    1:1200 Antisera (1 wk after boost 2) Week 18   1:1600   1:4000   1:1300   1:1200   1:1400   1:1600 Antisera (1 wk after boost 4) Average of 6 replicates of best antisera from rabbit 2-3 (assay standard from first study) EC₅₀ = 1:1700

Higher doses in second rabbit study (50/20 ug vs 10 ug) did not improve IgG titers.

Two month rest boosts IgG responses (not observed with shorter intervals).

Alum appears to enhance IgG response in rabbits compared with QS21 or no adjuvant.

An opsonophagocytic assay (OPA) with baby rabbit complement (BRC) and HL60 cells as source of neutrophils was established to measure the functional immunogenicity of O-antigen glycoconjugates. Pre-frozen bacterial stocks of E. coli GAR2831 were grown in Luria broth (LB) media at 37° C. Cells were pelleted and suspended to a concentration of 1 OD₆₀₀ unit per ml in PBS supplemented with 20% glycerol and frozen. Pre-titered thawed bacteria were diluted to 0.5×10⁵ CFU/ml in HBSS (Hank's Balanced Salt Solution) with 1% Gelatin) and 10 μL (10³ CFU) combined with 20 μL of serially diluted sera in a U-bottomed tissue culture microplate and the mixture shaken at 700 rpm BELLCO Shaker) for 30 min at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator. 10 μl of 2.5% complement (Baby Rabbit Serum, PEL-FREEZ 31061-3, prediluted in HBG) and 20 μL of HL-60 cells (0.75×10⁷/ml) and 40 μL of HBG added to the U-bottomed tissue culture microplate and the mixture shaken at 700 rpm BELLCO Shaker) for 45 min at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator. Subsequently, 10 μL of each 100 μL reaction was transferred into the corresponding wells of a pre-wetted MILLIPORE MULTISCREENHTS HV filter plate prepared by applying 100 μL water, filter vacuumed, and applying 150 μL of 50% LB. The filter plate was vacuum filtered and incubated overnight at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ incubator. The next day the colonies were enumerated after fixing, staining, and destaining with COOMASSIE dye and Destain solutions, using an IMMUNOSPOT® analyzer and IMMUNOCAPTURE software. To establish the specificity of OPA activity, immune sera were preincubated with 100 μg/mL purified long O25b O-antigen prior to combining with the other assay components in the OPA reaction. The OPA assay includes control reactions without HL60 cells or complement, to demonstrate dependence of any observed killing on these components.

Matched pre-immune and post-vaccination serum samples from representative rabbits from both rabbit studies were evaluated in the assay and serum dilution titers determined (Table 9, FIG. 19 A-B). Preincubation with unconjugated O25b long O-antigen polysaccharide blocked bactericidal activity demonstrating specificity of the OPA (FIG. 19C). Table 9 OPA titers

Rabbit 2-3 was dosed as follows: Rabbit 2-3 dosing: 10/10/10/10 ug RAC conjugate+QS21, post-dose (PD) 4 bleed. Rabbit 1-2 was dosed as follows: 50/20/20/20 ug RAC conjugate+Al(OH)3, PD4 bleed.

TABLE 9 Sample Titer Rabbit 2-3 Pre-immune serum 537 Rabbit 2-3 wk13 serum (terminal bleed) 13686 Rabbit 1-2 Pre-immune serum <200 Rabbit 1-2 wk19 serum (terminal bleed) 22768

Example 8: O-Antigen O25b IgG Levels Elicited by Unconjugated O25b Long O-Antigen Polysaccharide and Derived O25b RAC/DMSO Long O-Antigen Glycoconjugate

Groups of ten CD-1 mice were dosed by sub-cutaneous injection with 0.2 or 2.0 μg/animal of O25b RAC/DMSO long O-antigen glycoconjugate at weeks 0, 5 and 13, with bleeds taken at week 3 (post-dose 1, PD1), week 6 (post-dose 2, PD2) and week 13 (post-dose 3, PD3) timepoints for immunogenicity testing. Levels of antigen-specific IgG were determined by quantitative Luminex assay (see details in Example 7) with O25b-specific mouse mAb as internal standard. Baseline IgG levels (dotted line) were determined in serum pooled from 20× randomly selected unvaccinated mice. The free unconjugated O25b long O-antigen polysaccharide immunogen did not induce IgG above baseline levels at any timepoint. In contrast, IgG responses were observed after two doses of O25b-CRM197 RAC long conjugate glycoconjugate: robust uniform IgG responses were observed by PD3, with intermediate and more variable IgG levels at PD2. GMT IgG values (ng/ml) are indicated with 95% Cl error bars. See FIG. 20.

Example 9: Specificity of the O25b Baby Rabbit Complement (BRC) OPA

A-B) O25b RAC/DMSO long O-antigen post-immune serum from rabbits 2-3 and 1-2 (but not matched pre-immune control serum) shows bactericidal OPA activity. C) OPA activity of immune serum from rabbit 1-2 was blocked by pre-incubation with 100 μg/mL long O-antigen O25b polysaccharide. Strain GAR2831 bacteria were incubated with HL60s, 2.5% BRC and serial dilutions of serum for 1 h at 37° C. and surviving bacteria enumerated by counting microcolonies (CFUs) on filter plates. See FIG. 19.

Example 10: RAC and eTEC O25b Long Glycoconjugates are More Immunogenic than Single End Glycoconjugates

BRC OPA assay with carbapenem-resistant fluoroquinlone-resistant MDR strain Atlas187913. Groups of 20 CD-1 mice were vaccinated with 2 μg of glycoconjugate according to the same schedule as shown in FIG. 21 and OPA responses determined at post-dose 2 (PD2) (panel A) and post-dose 3 (PD3) (panel B) timepoints. Bars indicate GMTs with 95% Cl. Responder rates above unvaccinated baseline are indicated. Log transformed data from different groups were evaluated to assess if differences were statistically significant using unpaired t-test with Welch's correction (Graphpad Prism). Results are summarized in the Table 10. See FIG. 21. In mice that were vaccinated with 2 μg of eTEC O1a long glycoconjugates, OPA titers against O1a, PD2 and PD3 (data not shown), were observed to be greater than the OPA titers against O25b, PD2 and PD3, respectively, shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 % Responders GEOMEAN % Responders GEOMEAN DESCRIPTION (n/N)* TITER PD2 (n/N)* TITER PD3 Single end short, 2 μg 45 (9/20)  1,552 85 (17/20)  17,070 Single end long, 2 μg 30 (6/20)   763 85 (17/20)  10,838 RAC/DMSO long, 2 μg 65 (13/20) 8,297 95 (19/20) 163,210 eTEC (10%) long, 2 μg 90 (18/20) 27,368  100 (19/19)  161,526

Example 11: OPA Immunogenicity of eTEC Chemistry May be Improved by Modifying Levels of Polysaccharide Activation

BRC OPA assay with carbapenem-resistant fluoroquinlone-resistant MDR strain Atlas187913. Groups of 20 CD-1 mice were vaccinated with 0.2 μg or 2 μg of the indicated long O25b eTEC glycoconjugate and OPA responses determined at PD2 timepoint. Aggregated log transformed data from 4% activation vs 17% activation groups were evaluated to confirm that differences in OPA responses were statistically significant using unpaired t-test with Welch's correction (Graphpad Prism). GMTs and responder rates for individual groups are summarized in Table 11. See FIG. 22.

TABLE 11 Description % Responders (n/N) GeoMean Titer eTEC long 4% activation (0.2 μg) 35 (7/20)    628 eTEC long 4% activation (0.2 μg) 65 (13/20) 8,185 eTEC long 10% activation (0.2 μg) 45 (9/20)  1,085 eTEC long 10% activation (0.2 μg) 90 (18/20) 27,368  eTEC long 17% activation (0.2 μg) 70 (14/20) 3,734 eTEC long 17% activation (0.2 μg) 80 (16/20) 25,461 

Example 12: Challenge Study Indicates Long E. coli O25b eTEC Conjugates Elicit Protection after Three Doses

Groups of 20× CD-1 mice immunized with a 2 μg dose according to the indicated schedule were challenged IP with 1×10⁹ bacteria of strain GAR2831. Subsequent survival was monitored for six days. Groups of mice vaccinated with eTEC glycoconjugates activated at 4%, 10% or 17% levels were protected from lethal infection, whereas unvaccinated control mice or mice vaccinated with 2 μg unconjugated O25b long polysaccharide were not. See FIG. 23.

Example 13: Process for Preparation of eTEC Linked Glycoconjugates

Activation of Saccharide and Thiolation with Cystamine Dihydrochloride.

The saccharide is reconstituted in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Moisture content of the solution is determined by Karl Fischer (KF) analysis and adjusted to reach a moisture content of 0.1 and 1.0%, typically 0.5%.

To initiate the activation, a solution of 1,1′-carbonyl-di-1,2,4-triazole (CDT) or 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) is freshly prepared at a concentration of 100 mg/mL in DMSO. The saccharide is activated with various amounts of CDT/CDI (1-10 molar equivalents) and the reaction is allowed to proceed for 1-5 hours at rt or 35° C. Water was added to quench any residual CDI/CDT in the activation reaction solution. Calculations are performed to determine the added amount of water and to allow the final moisture content to be 2-3% of total aqueous. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 0.5 hour at rt. Cystamine dihydrochloride is freshly prepared in anhydrous DMSO at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. The activated saccharide is reacted with 1-2 mol. eq. of cystamine dihydrochloride. Alternatively, the activated saccharide is reacted with 1-2 mol. eq. of cysteamine hydrochloride. The thiolation reaction is allowed to proceed for 5-20 hours at rt, to produce a thiolated saccharide. The thiolation level is determined by the added amount of CDT/CDI.

Reduction and Purification of Activated Thiolated Saccharide.

To the thiolated saccharide reaction mixture a solution of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), 3-6 mol. eq., is added and allowed to proceed for 3-5 hours at rt. The reaction mixture is then diluted 5-10-fold by addition to pre-chilled 10 mM sodium phosphate monobasic, and filtered through a 5 μm filter. Dialfiltration of thiolated saccharide is performed against 30-40-fold diavolume of pre-chilled 10 mM sodium phosphate monobasic. An aliquot of activated thiolated saccharide retentate is pulled to determine the saccharide concentration and thiol content (Ellman) assays.

Activation and Purification of Bromoacetylated Carrier Protein.

Free amino groups of the carrier protein are bromoacteylated by reaction with a bromoacetylating agent, such as bromoacetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (BAANS), bromoacetylbromide, or another suitable reagent.

The carrier protein (in 0.1M Sodium Phosphate, pH 8.0±0.2) is first kept at 8±3° C., at about pH 7 prior to activation. To the protein solution, the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of bromoacetic acid (BAANS) as a stock dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution (20 mg/mL) is added in a ratio of 0.25-0.5 BAANS:protein (w/w). The reaction is gently mixed at 5±3° C. for 30-60 minutes. The resulting bromoacetylated (activated) protein is purified, e.g., by ultrafiltration/diafiltration using 10 kDa MWCO membrane using 10 mM phosphate (pH 7.0) buffer. Following purification, the protein concentration of the bromoacetylated carrier protein is estimated by Lowry protein assay.

The extent of activation is determined by total bromide assay by ion-exchange liquid chromatography coupled with suppressed conductivity detection (ion chromatography). The bound bromide on the activated bromoacetylated protein is cleaved from the protein in the assay sample preparation and quantitated along with any free bromide that may be present. Any remaining covalently bound bromine on the protein is released by conversion to ionic bromide by heating the sample in alkaline 2-mercaptoethanol.

Activation and Purification of Bromoacetylated CRM₁₉₇.

CRM₁₉₇ was diluted to 5 mg/mL with 10 mM phosphate buffered 0.9% NaCl pH 7 (PBS) and then made 0.1 M NaHCO₃ pH 7.0 using 1 M stock solution. BAANS was added at a CRM₁₉₇:BAANS ratio 1:0.35 (w:w) using a BAANS stock solution of 20 mg/mL DMSO. The reaction mixture was incubated at between 3° C. and 11° C. for 30 mins-1 hour then purified by ultrafiltration/diafiltration using a 10K MWCO membrane and 10 mM Sodium Phosphate/0.9% NaCl, pH 7.0. The purified activated CRM₁₉₇ was assayed by the Lowry assay to determine the protein concentration and then diluted with PBS to 5 mg/mL. Sucrose was added to 5% wt/vol as a cryoprotectant and the activated protein was frozen and stored at −25° C. until needed for conjugation.

Bromoacetylation of lysine residues of CRM₁₉₇ was very consistent, resulting in the activation of 15 to 25 lysines from 39 lysines available. The reaction produced high yields of activated protein.

Conjugation of Activated Thiolated Saccharide to Bromoacetylated Carrier Protein.

Bromoacetylated carrier protein and activated thiolated saccharide are subsequently added. The saccharide/protein input ratio is 0.8±0.2. The reaction pH is adjusted to 9.0±0.1 with 1 M NaOH solution. The conjugation reaction is allowed to proceed at 5° C. for 20±4 hours.

Capping of Residual Reactive Functional Groups.

The unreacted bromoacetylated residues on the carrier protein are quenched by reacting with 2 mol. eq. of N-acetyl-L-cysteine as a capping reagent for 3-5 hours at 5° C. Residual free sulfhydryl groups are capped with 4 mol. eq. of iodoacetamide (IAA) for 20-24 hours at 5° C.

Purification of eTEC-Linked Glycoconjugate.

The conjugation reaction (post-IAA-capped) mixture is filtered through 0.45 μm filter. Ultrafiltration/dialfiltration of the glycoconjugate is performed against 5 mM succinate-0.9% saline, pH 6.0. The glycoconjugate retentate is then filtered through 0.2 μm filter. An aliquot of glycoconjugate is pulled for assays. The remaining glycoconjugate is stored at 5° C. See Table 14, Table 15, Table 16, Table 17, and Table 18.

Example 14: Preparation of E. coli-O25B eTEC Conjugates

Activation Process—Activation of E. coli-O25b Lipopolysaccharide.

The lyophilized E. coli-O25b polysaccharide was reconstituted in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). Moisture content of the lyophilized O25b/DMSO solution was determined by Karl Fischer (KF) analysis. The moisture content was adjusted by adding WFI to the O25b/DMSO solution to reach a moisture content of 0.5%.

To initiate the activation, 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) was freshly prepared as 100 mg/mL in DMSO solution. E. coli-O25b polysaccharide was activated with various amounts of CDI prior to the thiolation step. The CDI activation was carried out at rt or 35° C. for 1-3 hours. Water was added to quench any residual CDI in the activation reaction solution. Calculations are performed to determine the added amount of water and to allow the final moisture content to be 2-3% of total aqueous. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 0.5 hour at rt.

Thiolation of Activated E. coli-O25b Polysaccharide.

Cystamine-dihydrochloride was freshly prepared in anhydrous DMSO and 1-2 mol. eq. of cystamine dihydrochloride was added to the activated polysaccharide reaction solution. The reaction was allowed to proceed for 20±4 hours at rt.

Reduction and Purification of Activated Thiolated E. coli-O25b Polysaccharide.

To the thiolated saccharide reaction mixture a solution of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), 3-6 mol. eq., was added and allowed to proceed for 3-5 hours at rt. The reaction mixture was then diluted 5-10-fold by addition to pre-chilled 10 mM sodium phosphate monobasic and filtered through a 5 μm filter. Dialfiltration of thiolated saccharide was performed against 40-fold diavolume of pre-chilled 10 mM sodium phosphate monobasic with 5K MWCO ultrafilter membrane cassettes. The thiolated O25b polysaccharide retentate was pulled for both saccharide concentration and thiol (Ellman) assays. A flow diagram of the activation process is provided in FIG. 25A).

Conjugation Process—Conjugation of Thiolated E. coli-O25b Polysaccharide to Bromoacetylated CRM₁₉₇.

The CRM₁₉₇ carrier protein was activated separately by bromoacetylation, as described in Example 13, and then reacted with the activated E. coli-O25b polysaccharide for the conjugation reaction. Bromoacetylated CRM₁₉₇ and thiolated O25b polysaccharide were mixed together in a reaction vessel. The saccharide/protein input ratio was 0.8±0.2. The reaction pH was adjusted to 8.0-10.0. The conjugation reaction was allowed to proceed at 5° C. for 20±4 hours.

Capping of Reactive Groups on Bromoacetylated CRM₁₉₇ and Thiolated E. coli-O25b Polysaccharide.

The unreacted bromoacetylated residues on CRM₁₉₇ proteins were capped by reacting with 2 mol. eq. of N-acetyl-L-cysteine for 3-5 hours at 5° C., followed by capping any residual free sulfhydryl groups of the thiolated O25b-polysaccharide with 4 mol. eq. of iodoacetamide (IAA) for 20-24 hours at 5° C.

Purification of eTEC-Linked E. coli-O25b Glycoconjugate.

The conjugation solution was filtered through a 0.45 μm or 5 μm filter. Dialfiltration of the O25b glycoconjugate was carried out with 100K MWCO ultrafilter membrane cassettes. Diafiltration was performed against 5 mM succinate-0.9% saline, pH 6.0. The E. coli-O25b glycoconjugate 100K retentate was then filtered through a 0.22 μm filter and stored at 5° C.

A flow diagram of the conjugation process is provided in FIG. 25B.

Results

The reaction parameters and characterization data for several batches of E. coli-O25b eTEC glycoconjugates are shown in Table 12. The CDI activation-thiolation with cystamine dihydrochloride generated glycoconjugates having from 41 to 92% saccharide yields and <5 to 14% free saccharides. See also See Table 14, Table 15, Table 16, Table 17, and Table 18.

TABLE 12 Experimental Parameters and Characterization Data of E. coli-O25b eTEC Conjugates O25b- O25b- O25b- O25b- O25b- O25b- Conjugate Batch 1A 2B 3C 4D 5E 6F Activation level 10 20 22 17 25 24 (mol of thiol/mol of polysaccharide), % Input Sacc/Prot 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Ratio Saccharide yield 56 57 79 92 41 59 (%) Output Sacc/Prot 0.88 1 1.18 1.32 2.9 1.4 Ratio Free Saccharide, 8 <5 6 5 14 5 % Free Protein, % <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 Conjugate Mw, 1057 4124 2259 2306 1825 1537 kDa Total CMCA 3 na na 7.2 na na

Example 15: Procedure for the Preparation of E. coli O-Antigen Polysaccharide-CRM197 eTEC Conjugates (Applied to O-Antigens from E. coli Serotypes O25b, O1a, O2, and O6 Activation of Polysaccharide

The E. coli O-antigen polysaccharide is reconstituted in anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). To initiate the activation, various amounts of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) (1-10 molar equivalents) is added to the polysaccharide solution and the reaction is allowed to proceed for 1-5 hours at rt or 35° C. Then, water (2-3%, v/v) was added to quench any residual CDI in the activation reaction solution. After the reaction was allowed to proceed for 0.5 hour at rt, 1-2 mol. eq. of cystamine dihydrochloride is added. The reaction is allowed to proceed for 5-20 hours at rt, and then treated with 3-6 mol. eq of tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) to produce a thiolated saccharide. The thiolation level is determined by the added amount of CDI.

The reaction mixture is then diluted 5-10-fold by addition to pre-chilled 10 mM sodium phosphate monobasic, and filtered through a 5 μm filter. Dialfiltration of thiolated saccharide is performed against 30-40-fold diavolume of pre-chilled 10 mM sodium phosphate monobasic. An aliquot of activated thiolated saccharide retentate is pulled to determine the saccharide concentration and thiol content (Ellman) assays.

Activation of Carrier Protein (CRM₁₉₇)

The CRM₁₉₇ (in 0.1M Sodium Phosphate, pH 8.0±0.2) is first kept at 8±3° C., at about pH 8 prior to activation. To the protein solution, the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of bromoacetic acid (BAANS) as a stock dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution (20 mg/mL) is added in a ratio of 0.25-0.5 BAANS:protein (w/w). The reaction is gently mixed at 5±3° C. for 30-60 minutes. The resulting bromoacetylated (activated) protein is purified, e.g., by ultrafiltration/diafiltration using 10 kDa MWCO membrane using 10 mM phosphate (pH 7.0) buffer. Following purification, the protein concentration of the bromoacetylated carrier protein is estimated by Lowry protein assay.

Conjugation

Activated CRM₁₉₇ and activated E. coli O-antigen polysaccharide are subsequently added to a reactor and mixed. The saccharide/protein input ratio is 1±0.2. The reaction pH is adjusted to 9.0±0.1 with 1 M NaOH solution. The conjugation reaction is allowed to proceed at 5° C. for 20±4 hours. The unreacted bromoacetylated residues on the carrier protein are quenched by reacting with 2 mol. eq. of N-acetyl-L-cysteine as a capping reagent for 3-5 hours at 5° C. Residual free sulfhydryl groups are capped with 4 mol. eq. of iodoacetamide (IAA) for 20-24 hours at 5° C. Then, the reaction mixture is purified using ultrafiltration/dialfiltration performed against 5 mM succinate-0.9% saline, pH 6.0. The purified conjugate is then filtered through 0.2 μm filter. See Table 14, Table 15, Table 16, Table 17, and Table 18.

Example 16: General Procedure—Conjugation of O-Antigen (from E. coli Serotypes O1, O2, O6, 25b) Polysaccharide by Reductive Mination Chemistry (RAC) Conjugation in Dimethylsulfoxide (RAC/DMSO) Activating Polysaccharide

Polysaccharide oxidation was carried out in 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0±0.2) by sequential addition of calculated amount of 500 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0) and water for injection (WFI) to give final polysaccharide concentration of 2.0 g/L. If required, the reaction pH was adjusted to pH 6.0, approximately. After pH adjustment, the reaction temperature was cooled to 4° C. Oxidation was initiated by the addition of approximately 0.09-0.13 molar equivalents of sodium periodate. The oxidation reaction was performed at 5±3° C. for 20±4 hrs, approximately.

Concentration and diafiltration of the activated polysaccharide was carried out using 5K MWCO ultrafiltration cassettes. Diafiltration was performed against 20-fold diavolumes of WFI. The purified activated polysaccharide was then stored at 5±3° C. The purified activated saccharide is characterized, inter alia, by (i) saccharide concentration by colorimetric assay; (ii) aldehyde concentration by colorimetric assay; (iii) degree of oxidation; and (iv) molecular weight by SEC-MALLS.

Compounding Activated Polysaccharide with Sucrose Excipient, and Lyophilizing

The activated polysaccharide was compounded with sucrose to a ratio of 25 grams of sucrose per gram of activated polysaccharide. The bottle of compounded mixture was then lyophilized. Following lyophilization, bottles containing lyophilized activated polysaccharide were stored at −20±5° C. Calculated amount of CRM₁₉₇ protein was shell-frozen and lyophilized separately. Lyophilized CRM₁₉₇ was stored at −20±5° C.

Reconstituting Lyophilized Activated Polysaccharide and Carrier Protein

Lyophilized activated polysaccharide was reconstituted in anhydrous dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Upon complete dissolution of polysaccharide, an equal amount of anhydrous DMSO was added to lyophilized CRM₁₉₇ for reconstitution.

Conjugating and Capping

Reconstituted activated polysaccharide was combined with reconstituted CRM₁₉₇ in the reaction vessel, followed by mixing thoroughly to obtain a clear solution before initiating the conjugation with sodium cyanoborohydride. The final polysaccharide concentration in reaction solution was approximately 1 g/L. Conjugation was initiated by adding 0.5-2.0 MEq of sodium cyanoborohydride to the reaction mixture and incubating at 23±2° C. for 20-48 hrs. The conjugation reaction was terminated by adding 2 MEq of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) to cap unreacted aldehydes. This capping reaction continued at 23±2° C. for 3±1 hrs.

Purifying the Conjugate

The conjugate solution was diluted 1:10 with chilled 5 mM succinate-0.9% saline (pH 6.0) in preparation for purification by tangential flow filtration using 100-300K MWCO membranes.

The diluted conjugate solution was passed through a 5 μm filter, and diafiltration was performed using 5 mM succinate/0.9% saline (pH 6.0) as the medium. After the diafiltration was completed, the conjugate retentate was transferred through a 0.22 μm filter. The conjugate was diluted further with 5 mM succinate/0.9% saline (pH 6), to a target saccharide concentration of approximately 0.5 mg/mL. Alternatively, the conjugate is purified using 20 mM Histidine-0.9% saline (pH 6.5) by tangential flow filtration using 100-300K MWCO membranes. Final 0.22 μm filtration step was completed to obtain the immunogenic conjugate. See Table 14, Table 15, Table 16, Table 17, and Table 18.

Example 17: Conjugation in Aqueous Buffer (RAC/Aqueous), as Applied to from E. coli Serotypes O25B, O1A, O2, and O6

Polysaccharides activation and diafiltration was performed in the same manner as the one for DMSO based conjugation.

The filtered activated saccharide was compounded with CRM₁₉₇ at a polysaccharide to protein mass ratio ranging from 0.4 to 2 w/w depending on the serotype. This input ratio was selected to control the polysaccharide to CRM₁₉₇ ratio in the resulting conjugate.

The compounded mixture was then lyophilized. Upon conjugation, the polysaccharide and protein mixture was dissolved in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer at the polysaccharide concentration ranging from 5 to 25 g/L depending on the serotype, pH was adjusted between 6.0 to 8.0 depending on the serotype. Conjugation was initiated by adding 0.5-2.0 MEq of sodium cyanoborohydride to the reaction mixture and incubating at 23±2° C. for 20-48 hrs. The conjugation reaction was terminated by adding 1-2 MEq of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) to cap unreacted aldehydes.

Alternatively, the filtered activated saccharide and calculated amount of CRM₁₉₇ protein was shell-frozen and lyophilized separately, and then combined upon dissolving in 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer, subsequent conjugation can then be proceeded as described above.

Table 13 summarizes the results from both conjugations prepared in DMSO and aqueous buffer.

RAC/DMSO RAC/Aqueous Poly MW (kDa) 48K 46K Degree of Oxidation (DO) 12 12 Saccharide/Protein Ratio 0.8 1.0 % Free Saccharide <5% 32% Conjugate MW by SEC-MALLS, kDa 7950 260

Example 18: Procedure for the Preparation of E. coli O-Antigen Polysaccharide-CRM₁₉₇ Single-Ended Conjugates

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are common components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, comprise lipid A, the core region, and the O-antigen (also refer to as the O-specific polysaccharide or O-polysaccharide). Different serotype of O-antigen repeating units differ in their composition, structure and serological features. The O-antigen used in this invention is attached to the core domain which contains a sugar unit called 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctanoic acid (KDO) at its chain terminus. Unlike some conjugation methods based on random activation of the polysaccharide chain (e.g. activation with sodium periodate, or carbodiimide). This invention discloses a conjugation process involving selective activation of KDO with a disulfide amine linker, upon unmasking of thiol functional group, it is then conjugated to bromo activated CRM₁₉₇ protein as depicted in FIG. 24 (Preparation of Single-Ended Conjugates).

Conjugation Based on Cystamine Linker (A1)

O-antigen polysaccharide and cystamine (50-250 mol. eq of KDO) were mixed in phosphate buffer, adjust pH to 6.0-7.0. To the mixture, sodium cyanoborohydride (NaCNBH₃) (5-30 mol. eq of KDO) was added and the mixture was stirred at 37° C. for 48-72 hrs. Upon cooling to room temperature and diluted with equal volume of phosphate buffer, the mixture was treated with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) (1.2 mol, eq of cystamine added). The mixture was then purified through diafiltration using 5 KDa MWCO membrane against 10 mM sodium phosphate monobasic solution, to furnish thiol containing O-antigen polysaccharide. The thiol content can be determined by Ellman assays.

The conjugation was then proceeded by mixing above thiol activated O-antigen polysaccharide with bromo activated CRM₁₉₇ protein at a ratio of 0.5-2.0. The pH of the reaction mixture is adjusted to 8.0-10.0 with 1 M NaOH solution. The conjugation reaction was proceeded at 5° C. for 24±4 hours. The unreacted bromo residues on the carrier protein were quenched by reacting with 2 mol. eq. of N-acetyl-L-cysteine for 3-5 hours at 5° C. The addition of 3 mol. eq. of iodoacetamide (related to N-acetyl-L-Cysteine added) wad then followed to cap the residual free sulfhydryl groups. This capping reaction was proceeded for another 3-5 hours at 5° C., and pH of both capping steps was maintained at 8.0-10.0 by addition of 1M NaOH. The resulting conjugate was obtained after ultrafiltration/dialfiltration using 30 KDa MWCO membrane against 5 mM succinate-0.9% saline, pH 6.0. See Table 14, Table 15, Table 16, Table 17, and Table 18.

Example 19: Conjugation Based on 3,3′-Dithio Bis(Propanoic Dihydrazide) Linker (A4)

O-antigen polysaccharide and 3,3′-dithio bis(propanoic dihydrazide) (5-50 mol. eq of KDO) were mixed in acetate buffer, adjust pH to 4.5-5.5. To the mixture, sodium cyanoborohydride (NaCNBH₃) (5-30 mol. eq of KDO) was added and the mixture was stirred at 23-37° C. for 24-72 hrs. The mixture was then treated with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) (1.2 mol, eq of 3,3′-dithio bis(propanoicdihydrazide) linker added). The mixture was then purified through diafiltration using 5 KDa MWCO membrane against 10 mM sodium phosphate monobasic solution, to furnish thiol containing O-antigen polysaccharide. The thiol content can be determined by Ellman assays.

The conjugation was then proceeded by mixing above thiol activated O-antigen polysaccharide with bromo activated CRM₁₉₇ protein at a ratio of 0.5-2.0. The pH of the reaction mixture is adjusted to 8.0-10.0 with 1 M NaOH solution. The conjugation reaction was proceeded at 5° C. for 24±4 hours. The unreacted bromo residues on the carrier protein were quenched by reacting with 2 mol. eq. of N-acetyl-L-cysteine for 3-5 hours at 5° C. The addition of 3 mol. eq. of iodoacetamide (related to N-acetyl-L-Cysteine added) wad then followed to cap the residual free sulfhydryl groups. This capping reaction was proceeded for another 3-5 hours at 5° C., and pH of both capping steps was maintained at 8.0-10.0 by addition of 1M NaOH. The resulting conjugate was obtained after ultrafiltration/dialfiltration using 30 KDa MWCO membrane against 5 mM succinate-0.9% saline, pH 6.0.

Example 20: Conjugation Based on 2,2′-Dithio-N,N′-Bis(Ethane-2,1-Diyl)Bis(2-(Aminooxy)Acetamide) Linker (A6)

O-antigen polysaccharide and 2,2′-dithio-N,N′-bis(ethane-2,1-diyl)bis(2-(aminooxy)acetamide) (5-50 mol. eq of KDO) were mixed in acetate buffer, adjust pH to 4.5-5.5. The mixture was then stirred at 23-37° C. for 24-72 hrs, followed by the addition of sodium cyanoborohydride (NaCNBH₃) (5-30 mol. eq of KDO) and the mixture was stirred for another 3-24 hrs. The mixture was then treated with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) (1.2 mol, eq of linker added). The mixture was then purified through diafiltration using 5 KDa MWCO membrane against 10 mM sodium phosphate monobasic solution, to furnish thiol containing O-antigen polysaccharide. The thiol content can be determined by Ellman assays.

The conjugation was then proceeded by mixing above thiol activated O-antigen polysaccharide with bromo activated CRM₁₉₇ protein at a ratio of 0.5-2.0. The pH of the reaction mixture is adjusted to 8.0-10.0 with 1 M NaOH solution. The conjugation reaction was proceeded at 5° C. for 24±4 hours. The unreacted bromo residues on the carrier protein were quenched by reacting with 2 mol. eq. of N-acetyl-L-cysteine for 3-5 hours at 5° C. The addition of 3 mol. eq. of iodoacetamide (related to N-acetyl-L-Cysteine added) was then followed to cap the residual free sulfhydryl groups. This capping reaction was proceeded for another 3-5 hours at 5° C., and pH of both capping steps was maintained at 8.0-10.0 by addition of 1M NaOH. The resulting conjugate was obtained after ultrafiltration/dialfiltration using 30 KDa MWCO membrane against 5 mM succinate-0.9% saline, pH 6.0.

Example 21: Preparation of Bromo Activated CRM₁₉₇

The CRM₁₉₇ was prepared in 0.1M Sodium Phosphate, pH 8.0±0.2 solution, and was cooled to 5±3° C. To the protein solution, the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of bromoacetic acid (BAANS) as a stock dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution (20 mg/mL) is added in a ratio of 0.25-0.5 BAANS:protein (w/w). The reaction is gently mixed at 5±3° C. for 30-60 minutes. The resulting bromoacetylated (activated) protein is purified, e.g., by ultrafiltration/diafiltration using 10 kDa MWCO membrane using 10 mM phosphate (pH 7.0) buffer. Following purification, the protein concentration of the bromoacetylated carrier protein is estimated by Lowry protein assay.

TABLE 14 O1a Conjugates Conjugate Lot# 132240-112-2 132242-106 132242-124 132242-127 132242-130 Poly Lot# 709756-160 709756-160 709756-160 710958-116 710958-116 Poly Type Long Chain Short Chain Poly MW (kDa) 33 33 33 11 11 Variant eTEC Single-End RAC/DMSO Single-End RAC/DMSO Activation 8% SH 2.1% SH DO: 13 6.4% SH DO: 16 Conjugate Data Yield (%) 30 26 77 45 35 SPRatio 0.6 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.6 Free Sacc (%) 9 9 20 5 6 MW (kDa) 1035 331 1284 280 2266 Sacc Conc (mg.mL) 0.31 0.37 0.58 0.59 0.37 Endotoxin (EU/ug) 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 Buffer 5 mM Succ/Saline, pH 6.0

TABLE 15 O2 Conjugates Conjugate Lot# 00709749-0003-1 132242-161 132242-152 132242-159 132242-157 Poly Lot# 709766-33 709766-65 710958-141-2 Poly Type Long Chain Short Chain Poly MW (kDa) 36 39 14 Variant eTEC Single-End RAC/DMSO Single-End RAC/DMSO Activation 6.8% SH 1.6% SH DO: 17 6.3% SH DO: 19 Conjugate Data Yield (%) 26 33 50 38 36 SPRatio 1.5 0.8 0.8 1.0 0.6 Free Sacc (%) 11 24% <5 <5 6 MW (kDa) 1161 422 3082 234 1120 Endotoxin (EU/ug) 0.025 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 Buffer 5 mM Succ/Saline, pH 6.0

TABLE 16 O6 Conjugates Conjugate Lot# 132240-117-1 132242-134 132242-137 132242-146 132242-145 Poly Lot# 710958-121-1 710958-143-3 Poly Type Long Chain Short Chain Poly MW (kDa) 44 15 Variant eTEC Single-End RAC/DMSO Single-End RAC/DMSO Activation 18% SH 2.2% SH DO: 16.5 6.1% SH DO: 22 Conjugate Data Yield (%) 27 23 58 48 30 SPRatio 0.78 0.6 0.82 0.7 0.6 Free Sacc (%) 9 4 4 <5 8 MW (kDa) 1050 340 1910 256 2058 Sacc Conc (mg.mL) 0.39 0.45 0.59 0.88 0.41 Endotoxin (EU/ug) 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.004 0.005 Buffer 5 mM Succ/Saline, pH 6.0

TABLE 17 O25b Conjugates Conjugate 132242- 132242- 132240- 132240- 132240- 132242- 132242- 132242- 132242- Lot# 28 98 73-1-1 62-1 81 116 121 27 29 Poly 709766- 709766- 709766- 709766- 709766- 710958- 710958- 709766- 70976- Lot# 28 29 30 30 30 117/118 117/118 28 28 Poly type Long Chain Short Chain Long Long Chain Chain Poly MW 51 48 48 48 48 14 14 51 51 (kDa) Variant RAC/ Single- eTEC eTEC eTEC Single- RAC/ RAC/ RAC/ DMSO End End DMSO DMSO DMSO Activation DO:18 2.4% 10% 4% 17% 6.6% DO:17 21 12 SH SH SH SH SH Conjugate Data Yield (%) 82 26 56 32 92 28 18 71 80 SPRatio 0.9 0.82 0.88 0.64 1.32 0.7 0.36 0.81 0.84 Free Sacc 7.2 5 <5 11 <5 <5 <5 8.3 <5 (%) Conjugate 4415 840 1057 1029 2306 380 9114 3303 7953 MW (kDa) Sacc 0.7 0.4 0.43 0.36 0.9 0.45 0.19 0.6 0.67 Conc (mg.mL) Endotoxin 0.01 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.22 (EU/ug) Conjugate 5 mM Succ/Saline, pH 6.0 (DS) Buffer matrix

TABLE 18: O25b K-12 Conjugates Conjugate Lot# 709749-015-2 709744-0016 Poly Lot# 710958-137 Poly Type Long Chain (K12) Poly MW (kDa) 44 Variant eTEC RAC/DMSO Activation SH: 24% DO: 19 Conjugate Data Yield (%) 59% 33% SPRatio 1.4 0.83 Free Sacc (%) 5% 5.2% MW (kDa) 1537 4775 Sacc Conc (mg.mL) 0.91 0.29 Endotoxin (EU/ug) 0.08 0.01 Buffer 5 mM Succ/Saline, pH 6.0

Example 22: Preparation of E. coli O-Ag-TT Conjugates

E. coli serotype O25b long polysaccharide, Lot #709766-30 (about 6.92 mg/mL, MW: about 39 kDa), 50 mg, lyophilized was used for Tetanus Toxoid (TT) conjugation.

E. coli serotype O1a long polysaccharide 710958-142-3 (about 6.3 mg/mL, MW: about 44.3 kDa) (50 mg, 7.94 mL) was lyophilized.

E. coli serotype O6 long polysaccharide, 710758-121-1 (about 16.8 mg/mL, MW: about 44 kDa) (50 mg, 2.98 mL) was lyophilized.

Each of the lyophilized polysaccharides listed above was dissolved in WFI to make at approx 5-10 mg/mL to it, 0.5 mL (100 mg (1-cyano-4-dimethylaminopyridinum tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) solution in 1 mL acetonitrile) was added and stirred at RT. Triethylamine (TEA) 0.2M (2 mL) was added and stirred at RT.

Preparation of Tetanus toxoid (TT): TT (100 mg, 47 ml) was concentrated to approximately 20 mL and washed twice with saline (2×50 mL) using filtration tubes. After that it was diluted with HEPES and saline to make final HEPES conc as about 0.25M.

TT was prepared as described above and pH of the reaction was adjusted to about 9.1-9.2. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT.

After 20-24 hrs the reaction was quenched with Glycine (0.5 mL). After that it was concentrated to using MWCO regenerated cellulose membranes and diafiltration was performed against saline. Filtered and analyzed. See Table 19.

TABLE 19 Exemplary embodiments: E. coli serotype O25b-TT conjugate E. coli serotype O6-TT conjugate Volume: 41 mL Volume: 42 mL Sacc Conc (Anthrone): 1.122 mg/mL (92% yield) Sacc Conc (Anthrone): 0.790 mg/mL (66% yield) Protein Conc (Lowry): 1.133 mg/mL Protein Conc (Lowry): 1.895 mg/mL SPRatio: 0.99 SPRatio: 0.42 Free Sacc (DOC): 74.7% Free Sacc (DOC): <5% The product obtained was concentrated to 15 mL MW (kDa): 1192 using MWCO regenerated cellulose membranes Endotoxin (EU/ug:) 0.022 and diafiltration was performed against saline (40X diavolumes). Filtered through 0.22 um filter and analyzed. Volume: 27 mL Sacc Conc (Anthrone): 1.041 mg/mL (56% yield) Protein Conc (Lowry): 1.012 mg/mL SPRatio: 1.03 Free Sacc (DOC): 60.6% (poly recovery 100%)

Example 23: Additional Results from O-Antigen Fermentation, Purification, and Conjugation

The exemplary processes described below is generally applicable to all E. coli serotypes. The production of each polysaccharide included a batch production fermentation followed by chemical inactivation prior to downstream purification.

Strains and Storage.

Strains employed for biosynthesis of short chain O-antigen were clinical wild type strains of E. coli. Long chain O-antigen was produced with derivatives of the short chain-producers that had been engineered by the Wanner-Datsenko method to possess a deletion of the native wzzb gene and were complemented by the “long-chain” extender function fepE from Salmonella. The fepE function was expressed from its native promoter on either a high copy colE1-based “topo” vector or a low copy derivative of the colE1-based vector pET30a, from which the T7 promoter region had been deleted.

Cell banks were prepared by growing cells in either animal free LB or minimal medium to an OD₆₀₀ of at least 3.0. The broth was then diluted in fresh medium and combined with 80% glycerol to obtain a 20% glycerol final concentration with 2.0 OD₆₀₀/mL.

Media used for seed culture and fermentation. The seed and fermentation medium employed share the following formulation: KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, sodium citrate, Na₂SO₄, aspartic acid, glucose, MgSO₄, FeSO₄-7H₂O, Na₂MoO₄-2H₂O, H₃BO₃, CoCl₂-6H₂O, CuCl₂-2H₂O, MnCl₂-4H₂O, ZnCl₂ and CaCl₂-2H₂O.

Seed and fermentation conditions. Seeds were inoculated at 0.1% from a single seed vial. The seed flask was incubated at 37° C. for 16-18 hours and typically achieved 10-20 OD₆₀₀/mL.

Fermentation was performed in a 10 L stainless steel, steam in place fermentor.

Inoculation of the fermentor was typically 1:1000 from a 10 OD₆₀₀ seed. The batch phase, which is the period during which growth proceeds on the 10 g/L batched glucose, typically lasts 8 hours. Upon glucose exhaustion, there was a sudden rise in dissolved oxygen, at which point glucose was fed to the fermentation. The fermentation typically then proceeds for 16-18 hours with harvest giving >120 OD₆₀₀/mL.

Initial evaluation of short/long chain O-antigen production for serotypes O1a, O2, O6 and O25b. Wild type strains for O1a, O2, O6 and O25b were fermented in a supplemented minimal medium in batch mode to an OD₆₀₀=15-20. Upon glucose exhaustion, which results in a sudden decrease in oxygen consumption, a growth limiting glucose feed was applied from a glucose solution for 16-18 hours. Cell densities of 124-145 OD₆₀₀ units/mL were reached. The pH of the harvest broths was subsequently adjusted to about 3.8 and heated to 95° C. for 2 hours. The hydrolyzed broth was then cooled to 25° C., brought to pH 6.0 and centrifuged to remove solids. The resulting supernatant was then applied to a SEC-HPLC column for quantitation of the O-antigen. Productivities in the range of 2240-4180 mg/L were obtained. The molecular weight of purified short-chain O-antigen from these batches was found to range from 10-15 kDa. It was also noted that SEC chromatography of the O2 and O6 hydrolysates revealed a distinct and separable contaminating polysaccharide that was not evident in the O1a and O25b hydrolysates.

Long chain versions of the O1a, O2, O6 and O25b O-antigens where accessed through fermentation of a wzzb deletion version of each strain which carried a heterologous, complementing fepE gene on a high-copy, kanamycin-selectable topo plasmid. Fermentation was performed as for the short chain, albeit with kanamycin selection. The final cell densities observed at 124-177 OD₆₀₀/mL were associated with O-antigen productivities of 3500-9850 mg/L. The complementation-based synthesis of long chain O-antigen was at least as productive as in the parental short chain strain and in some cases more so. The molecular weights of purified O-antigen polysaccharide were 33-49 kDa or about 3 times the size of the corresponding short chain.

It was noted that the long chain hydrolysates for O2 and O6 showed evidence of a contaminating polysaccharide peak that, in the case of long chain antigen, was observed as a shoulder on the main O-antigen peak; O1 and O25b showed no evidence of production of a contaminating polysaccharide, as was seen earlier with the short chain parent.

Growth rate suppression was found to be associated with the presence of the topo replicon absent the fepE. Additionally, the Δwzzb mutation itself had not adverse effect on growth rate, indicating that the disturbed growth rates were conveyed by the plasmid vector.

Evaluation of Strains for Production of O11, O13, O16, O21 and O75 O-Antigen.

Multiple wild-type strains of serotypes O11, O13, O16, O21 and O75 were evaluated for their propensity to produce unwanted polysaccharide in fermentation by SEC-HPLC. Strains for O11, O13, O16, O21 and O75 were selected as absent contaminating polysaccharide, as well as for their ability to produce >1000 mg/L O-antigen and for the display of an antibiotic sensitivity profile that allowed Wanner-Datsenko recombineering for introduction of the Awzzb trait.

Chloramphenicol-selectable versions of topo-fepE and pET-fepE were constructed that allowed for the introduction of fepE into the O11, O13, O16, O21 and O75 Awzzb strains that in general were found to be kanamycin-resistant. The resulting topo-fepE and pET-fepE bearing strains were fermented with chloramphenicol selection and the supernatant from acid-hydrolyzed broth was evaluated by SEC-HPLC. Both the high (topo) and low copy (pET) fepE constructs directed the synthesis of O-antigen with productivities for each that were equivalent to the parental wild-type. Expression of potentially interfering polysaccharides was not observed.

An evaluation of growth rates for wzzb plasmid-bearing strains showed that the O11, O13 and O21 were retarded by the presence of topo-fepE but not by pET-fepE; strains O16 and O75 strains showed acceptable growth rates irrespective of replicon choice.

TABLE 20 short (SC) or O- long fep E final cell final Oag MW antigen IHMA chain plasmid density productivity - SEC type type (LC) type marker OD₆₀₀ (mg/L) kDa impurity O1a wt SC None None 125 2550 11 N O1a Δwzzb/ LC topo Kana 130 5530 33 N fepE O1a Δwzzb/ LC pET Kana Not done ND ND ND fepE (ND) O2 wt SC None None 127 2240 13 Y O2 Δwzzb/ LC topo Kana 177 3750 49 Y fepE O2 x LC pET x NA NA NA NA O6 wt SC None None 145 4180 16 Y O6 Δwzzb/ LC topo Kana 124 9850 44 Y fepE O6 Δwzzb/ LC pET Kana ND ND ND ND fepE O11 wt SC None None 194 4720 x N O11 Δwzzb/ LC topo Kana 142 7220 x N fepE O11 x LC pET x NA NA NA NA O13 wt SC None x 113 4770 x N O13 Δwzzb/ LC topo cam 101 4680 x N fepE O13 Δwzzb/ LC pET cam 108 4600 x N fepE O16 wt SC None x 154 1870 x N O16 Δwzzb/ LC topo cam 129 1180 x N fepE O16 Δwzzb/ LC pET cam 137 1280 x N fepE O21 wt SC None x 140 1180 x N O21 Δwzzb/ LC topo cam ND ND x N fepE O21 Δwzzb/ LC pET cam 131 820 x N fepE O25b 2831 SC None None 126 3550 10 N O25b Δwzzb/ LC topo Kana 152 3500 49 N fepE O25b x LC pET x NA NA NA NA O75 wt SC None x 149 1690 x N O75 Δwzzb/ LC topo cam 132 1500 x N fepE O75 Δwzzb/ LC pET cam 138 1520 x N fepE

The purification process for the polysaccharides included acid hydrolysis to release the O-antigens. A crude suspension of serotype specific E. coli culture in fermentation reactor was directly treated with acetic acid to the final pH of 3.5±0.5 and the acidified broth was heated to the temperature of 95±5° C. for at least one hour. This treatment cleaves the labile linkage between KDO, at the proximal end of the oligosaccharide and the lipid A, thus releasing the O-Ag chain. The acidified broth that contains the released O-Ag was cooled to 20±10° C. before being neutralized to pH 7±1.0 using NH₄OH. The process further included several centrifugation, filtration, and concentration/diafiltration operations steps.

TABLE 21 Increase Purified Number in M.W. Poly of (kDa) Purified Serotype Expected Titer M.W. Repeat over Conjugate Conjugation (core) Description Poly size (g/L) (kDa) Units short NMR M.W. (kDa) Lot # O25b ΔwzzB + Long 5.3 47 55 34 ✓ 5365 132242-28 (R1) LT2FepE (RAC/DMSO) 1423 132242-98 (Single-end) 1258 132240-73-1- 1(eTEC) ΔwzzB + Short 2.3 13/14 15 NA ✓ 380 132242-116 O25a wzzB (Single-end) 9114 132242-121 (RAC/DMSO) O25b ΔwzzB + Long 3.5 44 51 27 ✓ 1537 709749-015- (K12) LT2FepE 2 (eTEC) 4775 709744-0016 (RAC/DMSO wt Short 3.5 17 17 NA ✓ O1a ΔwzzB + Long 5.5 33 39 22 ✓ 1035 132240-112- (R1) LT2FepE 2 (eTEC) 331 132242-106 (Single-end) 1284 132242-124 (RAC/DMSO) wt Short 2.5 11 13 NA ✓ 280 132242-127 (Single-end) 2266 132242-130 (RAC/DMSO) O2 ΔwzzB + Long 4.9 36 43 22 ✓ 1161 00707947- (R1) LT2FepE 0003-1 (eTEC) 39 47 25 422 132242-161 (single-end) 3082 132242-152 (RAC/DMSO) wt Short 2.8 14 17 NA ✓ 234 132242-159 (single-end) 1120 1322421-157 (RAC/DMSO) O2 ΔwzzB + Long 5.1 NA NA NA NA (R4) LT2FepE wt Short 2.1 14.7 18 NA ✓ O6 ΔwzzB + Long 6.9 37.2 42 22.2 ✓ (R1) LT2FepE wt Short 3.5 15 17 NA ✓ 256 132242-146 (Single-end_ 2058 123342-145 (RAC/DMSO) O6 ΔwzzB + Long 8.4 44.4 50 28.2 ✓ 1050 132240-117- (R1) LT2FepE 1 (eTEC) 340 132242-134 (Single-end) 132242-137 1910 (RAC/DMSO) wt Short 3.6 16.2 18 NA ✓

The following clauses describe additional embodiments of the invention:

-   C1.A saccharide comprising a structure selected from any one of     Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C),     Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4 (e.g., Formula O4:K52 and Formula     O4:K6), Formula O5 (e.g., Formula O5ab and Formula O5ac (strain     180/C3)), Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13; K15 and Formula     O6:K54), Formula O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula     O11, Formula O12, Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula     O16, Formula O17, Formula O18 (e.g., Formula O18A, Formula O18ac,     Formula O18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1), Formula O19,     Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22, Formula O23 (e.g., Formula     O23A), Formula O24, Formula O25 (e.g., Formula O25a and Formula     O25b), Formula O26, Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula     O30, Formula O32, Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula     O36, Formula O37, Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula     O41, Formula O42, Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45 (e.g.,     Formula O45 and Formula O45rel), Formula O46, Formula O48, Formula     O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53, Formula     O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58, Formula     O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula 62D₁, Formula     O63, Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula     O69, Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73 (e.g., Formula O73     (strain 73-1)), Formula O74, Formula O75, Formula O76, Formula O77,     Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80, Formula O81, Formula O82,     Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85, Formula O86, Formula O87,     Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90, Formula O91, Formula O92,     Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96, Formula O97, Formula O98,     Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101, Formula O102, Formula O103,     Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula O106, Formula O107, Formula     O108, Formula O109, Formula O110, Formula O111, Formula O112,     Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O115, Formula O116, Formula     O117, Formula O118, Formula O119, Formula O120, Formula O121,     Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula     O127, Formula O128, Formula O129, Formula O130, Formula O131,     Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula O134, Formula O135, Formula     O136, Formula O137, Formula O138, Formula O139, Formula O140,     Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O144, Formula     O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148, Formula O149,     Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula O153, Formula     O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157, Formula O158,     Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula O162, Formula     O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166, Formula O167,     Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula O171, Formula     O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175, Formula O176,     Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula O180, Formula     O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184, Formula O185,     Formula O186, and Formula O187, wherein n is an integer from 1 to     100. -   C2. The saccharide according to clause C1, comprising a structure     selected from Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and     Formula O1C), Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4 (e.g., Formula     O4:K52 and Formula O4:K6), Formula O5 (e.g., Formula O5ab and     Formula O5ac (strain 180/C3)), Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13;     K15 and Formula O6:K54), Formula O7, Formula O10, Formula O16,     Formula O17, Formula O18 (e.g., Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula     O18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1), Formula O21, Formula O23     (e.g., Formula O23A), Formula O24, Formula O25 (e.g., Formula O25a     and Formula O25b), Formula O26, Formula O28, Formula O44, Formula     O45 (e.g., Formula O45 and Formula O45rel), Formula O55, Formula     O56, Formula O58, Formula O64, Formula O69, Formula O73 (e.g.,     Formula O73 (strain 73-1)), Formula O75, Formula O77, Formula O78,     Formula O86, Formula O88, Formula O90, Formula O98, Formula O104,     Formula O111, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O119, Formula     O121, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127,     Formula O128, Formula O136, Formula O138, Formula O141, Formula     O142, Formula O143, Formula O147, Formula O149, Formula O152,     Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O164, Formula     O173, Formula 62D₁, Formula O22, Formula O35, Formula O65, Formula     O66, Formula O83, Formula O91, Formula O105, Formula O116, Formula     O117, Formula O139, Formula O153, Formula O167, and Formula O172,     wherein n is an integer from 20 to 100. -   C3. The saccharide according to clause C2, comprising a structure     selected from Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and     Formula O1C), Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4 (e.g., Formula     O4:K52 and Formula O4:K6), Formula O5 (e.g., Formula O5ab and     Formula O5ac (strain 180/C3)), Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13;     K15 and Formula O6:K54), Formula O7, Formula O10, Formula O16,     Formula O17, Formula O18 (e.g., Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula     O18A1, Formula O18B, and Formula O18B1), Formula O21, Formula O23     (e.g., Formula O23A), Formula O24, Formula O25 (e.g., Formula O25a     and Formula O25b), Formula O26, Formula O28, Formula O44, Formula     O45 (e.g., Formula O45 and Formula O45rel), Formula O55, Formula     O56, Formula O58, Formula O64, Formula O69, Formula O73 (e.g.,     Formula O73 (strain 73-1)), Formula O75, Formula O77, Formula O78,     Formula O86, Formula O88, Formula O90, Formula O98, Formula O104,     Formula O111, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O119, Formula     O121, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127,     Formula O128, Formula O136, Formula O138, Formula O141, Formula     O142, Formula O143, Formula O147, Formula O149, Formula O152,     Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O164, Formula     O173, and Formula 62D₁, wherein n is an integer from 20 to 100. -   C4. The saccharide according to clause C2, comprising a structure     selected from Formula O1 (e.g., Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and     Formula O1C), Formula O2, Formula O6 (e.g., Formula O6:K2; K13; K15     and Formula O6:K54), Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O21, Formula     O25 (e.g., Formula O25a and Formula O25b), and Formula O75. -   C5. The saccharide according to clause C1, wherein the saccharide     does not comprise a structure selected from Formula O8, Formula O9a,     Formula O9, Formula O20ab, Formula O20ac, Formula O52, Formula O97,     and Formula O101. -   C6. The saccharide according to clause C1, wherein the saccharide     does not comprise a structure selected from Formula O12. -   C7. The saccharide according to clause C4, wherein the saccharide is     produced by expressing a wzz family protein in a Gram-negative     bacterium to generate said saccharide. -   C8. The saccharide according to clause C7, wherein the wzz family     protein is selected from the group consisting of wzzB, wzz,     wzz_(SF), wzz_(ST), fepE, wzz_(fepE), wzz1 and wzz2. -   C9. The saccharide according to clause C7, wherein the wzz family     protein is wzzB. -   C10. The saccharide according to clause C7, wherein the wzz family     protein is fepE. -   C11. The saccharide according to clause C7, wherein the wzz family     protein is wzzB and fepE. -   C12. The saccharide according to clause C7, wherein the wzz family     protein is derived from Salmonella enterica. -   C13. The saccharide according to clause C7, wherein the wzz family     protein comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 20,     SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID     NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO:     19. -   C14. The saccharide according to clause C7, wherein the wzz family     protein comprises a sequence having at least 90% sequence identity     to any one of SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID     NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO: 19. -   C15. The saccharide according to clause C7, wherein the wzz family     protein comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 20,     SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID     NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO:     19. -   C16. The saccharide according to clause C1, wherein the saccharide     is synthetically synthesized. -   C17. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C16,     wherein the saccharide further comprises an E. coli R1 moiety. -   C18. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C16,     wherein the saccharide further comprises an E. coli R2 moiety. -   C19. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C16,     wherein the saccharide further comprises an E. coli R3 moiety. -   C20. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C16,     wherein the saccharide further comprises an E. coli R4 moiety. -   C21. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C16,     wherein the saccharide further comprises an E. coli K-12 moiety. -   C22. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C21,     wherein the saccharide further comprises a     3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) moiety. -   C23. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C16,     wherein the saccharide does not further comprise an E. coli R1     moiety. -   C24. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C16,     wherein the saccharide does not further comprise an E. coli R2     moiety. -   C25. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C16,     wherein the saccharide does not further comprise an E. coli R3     moiety. -   C26. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C16,     wherein the saccharide does not further comprise an E. coli R4     moiety. -   C27. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C16,     wherein the saccharide does not further comprise an E. coli K-12     moiety. -   C28. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C21,     wherein the saccharide does not further comprise a     3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) moiety. -   C29. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C22,     wherein the saccharide does not comprise a Lipid A. -   C30. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C29,     wherein the polysaccharide has a molecular weight of between 10 kDa     and 2,000 kDa, or between 50 kDa and 2,000 kDa. -   C31. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C30,     wherein the saccharide has an average molecular weight of 20-40 kDa. -   C32. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C31,     wherein the saccharide has an average molecular weight of 40,000 to     60,000 kDa. -   C33. The saccharide according to any one of clauses C1 to C32,     wherein n is an integer 31 to 90. -   C34. A conjugate comprising a saccharide covalently bound a carrier     protein, wherein the saccharide is derived from E. coli. -   C35. A conjugate comprising a saccharide according to any one of     clause C1 to clause C33, covalently bound a carrier protein. -   C36. The conjugate according to any one of clause C34 to clause C35,     wherein the carrier protein is selected from any one of CRM₁₉₇,     diphtheria toxin fragment B (DTFB), DTFB C8, Diphtheria toxoid (DT),     tetanus toxoid (TT), fragment C of TT, pertussis toxoid, cholera     toxoid, or exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; detoxified     Exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa (EPA), maltose binding protein (MBP),     detoxified hemolysin A of S. aureus, clumping factor A, clumping     factor B, Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), Streptococcus pneumoniae     Pneumolysin and detoxified variants thereof, C. jejuni AcrA, and C.     jejuni natural glycoproteins. -   C37. The conjugate according to any one of clause C34 to clause C36,     wherein the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇. -   C38. The conjugate according to any one of clause C34 to clause C36,     wherein the carrier protein is tetanus toxoid (TT). -   C39. The conjugate according to any one of clause C34 to clause C38,     wherein the conjugate is prepared by reductive amination. -   C40. The conjugate according to any one of clause C34 to clause C38,     wherein the conjugate is prepared by CDAP chemistry. -   C41. The conjugate according to any one of clause C34 to clause C38,     wherein the conjugate is a single-end linked conjugated saccharide. -   C42. The conjugate according to any one of clause C34 to clause C38,     wherein the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein through     a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer. -   C43. The conjugate according to clause C42, wherein the saccharide     is conjugated to the carrier protein through a     (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer, wherein the     saccharide is covalently linked to the eTEC spacer through a     carbamate linkage, and wherein the carrier protein is covalently     linked to the eTEC spacer through an amide linkage. -   C44. The conjugate according to any one of clause C42 to clause C43,     wherein the CRM₁₉₇ comprises 2 to 20, or 4 to 16, lysine residues     covalently linked to the polysaccharide through an eTEC spacer. -   C45. The conjugate according to any one of clause C34 to clause C44,     wherein the saccharide:carrier protein ratio (w/w) is between 0.2     and 4. -   C46. The conjugate according to any one of clause C34 to clause C44,     wherein the ratio of saccharide to protein is at least 0.5 and at     most 2. -   C47. The conjugate according to any one of clause C34 to clause C44,     wherein the ratio of saccharide to protein is between 0.4 and 1.7 -   C48. The conjugate according to any one of clause C41 to clause C47,     wherein the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein through     a 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) residue. -   C49. A conjugate comprising a saccharide covalently bound a carrier     protein, wherein the saccharide comprises a structure selected from     Formula O8, Formula O9a, Formula O9, Formula O20ab, Formula O20ac,     Formula O52, Formula O97, and Formula O101, wherein n is an integer     from 1 to 10. -   C50. A composition comprising a saccharide according to any one of     clause C1 to clause C33, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. -   C51. A composition comprising a conjugate according to any one of     clause C34 to clause C49, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. -   C52. The composition according to clause C51, comprising at most     about 25% free saccharide as compared to the total amount of     saccharide in the composition. -   C53. The composition according to any one of clause C50 to clause     C51, further comprising an adjuvant. -   C54. The composition according to any one of clause C50 to clause     C51, further comprising aluminum. -   C55. The composition according to any one of clause C50 to clause     C51, further comprising QS-21. -   C56. The composition according to any one of clause C50 to clause     C51, further comprising a CpG oligonucleotide. -   C57. The composition according to any one of clause C50 to clause     C51, wherein the composition does not include an adjuvant. -   C58. A composition comprising a saccharide derived from E. coli,     conjugated to a carrier protein through a     (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer, wherein the     polysaccharide is covalently linked to the eTEC spacer through a     carbamate linkage, and wherein the carrier protein is covalently     linked to the eTEC spacer through an amide linkage. -   C59. The composition according to clause C58, wherein the saccharide     is an O-antigen derived from E. coli. -   C60. The composition according to clause C58, further comprising a     pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or diluent. -   C61. The composition according to clause C58, wherein the saccharide     is an O-antigen derived from E. coli. -   C62. A composition comprising a saccharide is according to any one     of clause C1 to clause C16, conjugated to a carrier protein through     a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer, wherein the     polysaccharide is covalently linked to the eTEC spacer through a     carbamate linkage, and wherein the carrier protein is covalently     linked to the eTEC spacer through an amide linkage. -   C63. A composition comprising (i) a conjugate of an E. coli O25B     antigen covalently coupled to a carrier protein, (ii) a conjugate of     an E. coli O1A antigen covalently coupled to a carrier     protein, (iii) a conjugate of an E. coli 02 antigen covalently     coupled to a carrier protein, and (iv) a conjugate of an O6 antigen     covalently coupled to a carrier protein, wherein the E. coli O25B     antigen comprises the structure of Formula O25B, wherein n is an     integer greater than 30. -   C64. The composition of clause C63, wherein the O1A antigen, O6     antigen, and O2 antigen comprise the following formulas,     respectively: -   C65. The composition of clause C63, wherein the carrier protein is     selected from any one of CRM₁₉₇, diphtheria toxin fragment B (DTFB),     DTFB C8, Diphtheria toxoid (DT), tetanus toxoid (TT), fragment C of     TT, pertussis toxoid, cholera toxoid, or exotoxin A from Pseudomonas     aeruginosa; detoxified Exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa (EPA), maltose     binding protein (MBP), detoxified hemolysin A of S. aureus, clumping     factor A, clumping factor B, Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB),     Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumolysin and detoxified variants     thereof, C. jejuni AcrA, and C. jejuni natural glycoproteins. -   C66. A method of making a conjugate comprising a saccharide     conjugated to a carrier protein through a     (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer, comprising the     steps of a) reacting a saccharide with     1,1′-carbonyl-di-(1,2,4-triazole) (CDT) or 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole     (CDI), in an organic solvent to produce an activated saccharide; b)     reacting the activated saccharide with cystamine or cysteamine or a     salt thereof, to produce a thiolated saccharide; c) reacting the     thiolated saccharide with a reducing agent to produce an activated     thiolated saccharide comprising one or more free sulfhydryl     residues; d) reacting the activated thiolated saccharide with an     activated carrier protein comprising one or more α-haloacetamide     groups, to produce a thiolated saccharide-carrier protein conjugate;     and e) reacting the thiolated saccharide-carrier protein conjugate     with (i) a first capping reagent capable of capping unconjugated     α-haloacetamide groups of the activated carrier protein; and/or (ii)     a second capping reagent capable of capping unconjugated free     sulfhydryl residues; whereby an eTEC linked glycoconjugate is     produced, wherein the saccharide is derived from E. coli. -   C67. The method according to clause C66, wherein the saccharide     comprises the saccharide according to any one of clause C1 to clause     C33. -   C68. The method according to any of one clause C66 to clause C67,     wherein the capping step e) comprises reacting the thiolated     saccharide-carrier protein conjugate with (i)N-acetyl-L-cysteine as     a first capping reagent, and/or (ii) iodoacetamide as a second     capping reagent. -   C69. The method according to any of one clause C66 to clause C68,     further comprising a step of compounding the saccharide by reaction     with triazole or imidazole to provide a compounded saccharide,     wherein the compounded saccharide is shell frozen, lyophilized and     reconstituted in an organic solvent prior to step a). -   C70. The method according to any of one clause C66 to clause C69,     further comprising purification of the thiolated polysaccharide     produced in step c), wherein the purification step comprises     diafiltration. -   C71. The method according to any of one clause C66 to clause C70,     wherein the method further comprises purification of the eTEC linked     glycoconjugate by diafiltration. -   C72. The method according to any of one clause C66 to clause C71,     wherein the organic solvent in step a) is a polar aprotic solvent     selected from any one of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO),     dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA),     N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), acetonitrile,     1,3-Dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone (DMPU) and     hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA), or a mixture thereof. -   C73. A medium comprising KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄, (NH₄)₂SO₄, sodium citrate,     Na₂SO₄, aspartic acid, glucose, MgSO₄, FeSO₄-7H₂O, Na₂MoO₄-2H₂O,     H₃BO₃, CoCl₂-6H₂O, CuCl₂-2H₂O, MnCl₂-4H₂O, ZnCl₂ and CaCl₂-2H₂O. -   C74. The medium according to clause C73, wherein the medium is used     for culturing E. coli. -   C75. A method for producing a saccharide according to any one of     clause C1 to clause C33, comprising culturing a recombinant E. coli     in a medium; producing said saccharide by culturing said cell in     said medium; whereby said cell produces said saccharide. -   C76. The method according to clause C75, wherein the medium     comprises an element selected from any one of KH₂PO₄, K₂HPO₄,     (NH₄)₂SO₄, sodium citrate, Na₂SO₄, aspartic acid, glucose, MgSO₄,     FeSO₄-7H₂O, Na₂MoO₄-2H₂O, H₃BO₃, CoCl₂-6H₂O, CuCl₂-2H₂O, MnCl₂-4H₂O,     ZnCl₂ and CaCl₂-2H₂O. -   C77. The method according to clause C75, wherein the medium     comprises soy hydrolysate. -   C78. The method according to clause C75, wherein the medium     comprises yeast extract. -   C79. The method according to clause C75, wherein the medium does not     further comprise soy hydrolysate and yeast extract. -   C80. The method according to clause C75, wherein the E. coli cell     comprises a heterologous wzz family protein selected from any one of     wzzB, wzz, wzz_(SF), wzz_(ST), fepE, wzz_(fepE), wzz1 and wzz2. -   C81. The method according to clause C75, wherein the E. coli cell     comprises a Salmonella enterica wzz family protein selected from any     one of wzzB, wzz, wzz_(SF), wzz_(ST), fepE, wzz_(fepE), wzz1 and     wzz2. -   C82. The method according to clause C81, wherein the wzz family     protein comprises a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NO: 20,     SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID     NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO:     19. -   C83. The method according to clause C75, wherein the culturing     produces a yield of >120 OD₆₀₀/mL. -   C84. The method according to clause C75, further comprising     purifying the saccharide. -   C85. The method according to clause C75, wherein the purifying step     comprises any one of the following: dialysis, concentration     operations, diafiltration operations, tangential flow filtration,     precipitation, elution, centrifugation, precipitation,     ultra-filtration, depth filtration, and column chromatography (ion     exchange chromatography, multimodal ion exchange chromatography,     DEAE, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography). -   C86. A method for inducing an immune response in a mammal comprising     administering to the subject a composition according to any one of     clause C50 to clause C62. -   C87. The method according to clause C73, wherein the immune response     comprises induction of an anti-E coli O-specific polysaccharide     serum antibody. -   C88. The method according to clause C73, wherein the immune response     comprises induction of an anti-E coli IgG antibody. -   C89. The method according to clause C73, wherein the immune response     comprises induction of bactericidal activity against E. coli. -   C90. The method according to clause C73, wherein the immune response     comprises induction of opsonophagocytic antibodies against E. coli. -   C91. The method according to clause C73, wherein the immune response     comprises a geometric mean titer (GMT) level of at least 1,000 to     200,000 after initial dosing. -   C92. The method according to clause C73, wherein the composition     comprises a saccharide comprising the Formula O25, wherein n is an     integer 40 to 100, wherein the immune response comprises a geometric     mean titer (GMT) level of at least 1,000 to 200,000 after initial     dosing. -   C93. The method according to clause C73, wherein the mammal is at     risk of any one of the conditions selected from urinary tract     infection, cholecystitis, cholangitis, diarrhea, hemolytic uremic     syndrome, neonatal meningitis, urosepsis, intra-abdominal infection,     meningitis, complicated pneumonia, wound infection, post-prostate     biopsy-related infection, neonatal/infant sepsis, neutropenic fever,     and other blood stream infection; pneumonia, bacteremia, and sepsis. -   C94. The method according to clause C73, wherein the mammal is has     any one of the conditions selected from urinary tract infection,     cholecystitis, cholangitis, diarrhea, hemolytic uremic syndrome,     neonatal meningitis, urosepsis, intra-abdominal infection,     meningitis, complicated pneumonia, wound infection, post-prostate     biopsy-related infection, neonatal/infant sepsis, neutropenic fever,     and other blood stream infection; pneumonia, bacteremia, and sepsis. -   C95. A method for (i) inducing an immune response in a subject     against extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, (ii) inducing     an immune response in a subject against extra-intestinal pathogenic     Escherichia coli, or (iii) inducing the production of     opsonophagocytic antibodies in a subject that are specific to     extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, wherein the method     comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the     composition according to any one of clause C50 to clause C65. -   C96. The method of clause C95, wherein the subject is at risk of     developing a urinary tract infection. -   C97. The method of clause C95, wherein the subject is at risk of     developing bacteremia. -   C98. The method of clause C95, wherein the subject is at risk of     developing sepsis. -   C99. A composition comprising (i) a conjugate of an E. coli O25B     antigen covalently coupled to a carrier protein, (ii) a conjugate of     an E. coli O1A antigen covalently coupled to a carrier     protein, (iii) a conjugate of an E. coli O2 antigen covalently     coupled to a carrier protein, and (iv) a conjugate of an O6 antigen     covalently coupled to a carrier protein, wherein the E. coli O25B     antigen comprises the structure of Formula O25B, wherein n is an     integer greater than 30. -   C100. The composition of clause C1, wherein the O1A antigen, O6     antigen, and O2 antigen comprise the following formulas,     respectively: -   C101. The composition of clause C1, wherein the carrier protein is     selected from the group consisting of detoxified Exotoxin A of P.     aeruginosa (EPA), CRM197, maltose binding protein (MBP). Diphtheria     toxoid, Tetanus toxoid, detoxified hemolysin A of S. aureus,     clumping factor A, clumping factor B, Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB),     cholera toxin, detoxified variants of cholera toxin, Streptococcus     pneumoniae Pneumolysin and detoxified variants thereof, C. jejuni     AcrA, and C. jejuni natural glycoproteins. -   C102. A method for (i) inducing an immune response in a subject     against extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, (ii) inducing     an immune response in a subject against extra-intestinal pathogenic     Escherichia coli, or (iii) inducing the production of     opsonophagocytic antibodies in a subject that are specific to     extra-intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, wherein the method     comprises administering to the subject an effective amount of the     composition of clause C1. -   C103. The method of clause C102, wherein the subject is at risk of     developing a urinary tract infection. -   C104. The method of clause C102, wherein the subject is at risk of     developing bacteremia. -   C105. The method of clause C102, wherein the subject is at risk of     developing sepsis. -   C106. A saccharide comprising an increase of at least 5 repeating     units, compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide of     an E. coli. -   C107. The saccharide according to clause C106, wherein the     saccharide comprises Formula O25a and the E. coli is an E. coli     serotype O25a. -   C108. The saccharide according to clause C106, wherein the     saccharide comprises Formula O25b and the E. coli is an E. coli     serotype O25b. -   C109. The saccharide according to clause C106, wherein the     saccharide comprises Formula O2 and the E. coli is an E. coli     serotype O2. -   C110. The saccharide according to clause C106, wherein the     saccharide comprises Formula O6 and the E. coli is an E. coli     serotype O6. -   C111. The saccharide according to clause C106, wherein the     saccharide comprises Formula O1 and the E. coli is an E. coli     serotype O1. -   C112. The saccharide according to clause C106, wherein the     saccharide comprises Formula O17 and the E. coli is an E. coli     serotype O17. -   C113. The saccharide according to clause C106, wherein the     saccharide comprises a structure selected from: Formula O1, Formula     O2, Formula O3, Formula O4, Formula O5, Formula O6, Formula O7,     Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12,     Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17,     Formula O18, Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22,     Formula O23, Formula O24, Formula O25, Formula O25b, Formula O26,     Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32,     Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37,     Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42,     Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45, Formula O46, Formula O48,     Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53,     Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58,     Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula O63,     Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69,     Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73, Formula O74, Formula O75,     Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80,     Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85,     Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90,     Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96,     Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101,     Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula     O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110,     Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula     O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119,     Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula     O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129,     Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula     O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138,     Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula     O143, Formula O144, O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148,     Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula     O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157,     Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula     O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166,     Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula     O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175,     Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula     O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184,     Formula O185, Formula O186, and Formula O187, wherein n is an     integer from 5 to 1000. -   C114. The saccharide according to clause C106, wherein the E. coli     is E. coli serotype selected from the group consisting of: O1, O2,     O3, O4, O5, O6, O7, O8, O9, O10, O11, O12, O13, O14, O15, O16, O17,     O18, O19, O20, O21, O22, O23, O24, O25, O25b, O26, O27, O28, O29,     O30, O32, O33, O34, O35, O36, O37, O38, O39, O40, O41, O42, O43,     O44, O45, O46, O48, O49, O50, O51, O52, O53, O54, O55, O56, O57,     O58, O59, O60, O61, O62, O63, O64, O65, O66, O68, O69, O70, O71,     O73, O74, O75, O76, O77, O78, O79, O80, O81, O82, O83, O84, O85,     O86, O87, O88, O89, O90, O91, O92, O93, O95, O96, O97, O98, O99,     O100, O101, O102, O103, O104, O105, O106, O107, O108, O109, O110,     O111, O112, O113, O114, O115, O116, O117, O118, O119, O120, O121,     O123, O124, O125, O126, O127, O128, O129, O130, O131, O132, O133,     O134, O135, O136, O137, O138, O139, O140, O141, O142, O143, O144,     O145, O146, O147, O148, O149, O150, O151, O152, O153, O154, O155,     O156, O157, O158, O159, O160, O161, O162, O163, O164, O165, O166,     O167, O168, O169, O170, O171, O172, O173, O174, O175, O176, O177,     O178, O179, O180, O181, O182, O183, O184, O185, O186, and O187. -   C115. The saccharide according to clause C106, wherein the     saccharide is produced by increasing repeating units of     O-polysaccharides produced by a Gram-negative bacterium in culture     comprising overexpressing wzz family proteins in a Gram-negative     bacterium to generate said saccharide. -   C116. The saccharide according to clause C115, wherein the     overexpressed wzz family protein is selected from the group     consisting of wzzB, wzz, wzz_(SF), wzz_(ST), fepE, wzz_(fepE), wzz1     and wzz2. -   C117. The saccharide according to clause C115, wherein the     overexpressed wzz family protein is wzzB. -   C118. The saccharide according to clause C115, wherein the     overexpressed wzz family protein is fepE. -   C119. The saccharide according to clause C115, wherein the     overexpressed wzz family protein is wzzB and fepE. -   C120. The saccharide according to clause C106, wherein the     saccharide is synthetically synthesized. -   C121. A conjugate comprising a saccharide according to clause C106,     covalently bound to a carrier protein. -   C122. The conjugate according to clause C121, wherein the carrier     protein is CRM₁₉₇. -   C123. The conjugate according to clause C121, wherein the saccharide     comprises a structure selected from: Formula O1, Formula O2, Formula     O3, Formula O4, Formula O5, Formula O6, Formula O7, Formula O8,     Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12, Formula O13,     Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18,     Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22, Formula O23,     Formula O24, Formula O25, Formula O25b, Formula O26, Formula O27,     Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32, Formula O33,     Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37, Formula O38,     Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42, Formula O43,     Formula O44, Formula O45, Formula O46, Formula O48, Formula O49,     Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53, Formula O54,     Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58, Formula O59,     Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula O63, Formula O64,     Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69, Formula O70,     Formula O71, Formula O73, Formula O74, Formula O75, Formula O76,     Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80, Formula O81,     Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85, Formula O86,     Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90, Formula O91,     Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96, Formula O97,     Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101, Formula O102,     Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula O106, Formula     O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110, Formula O111,     Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O115, Formula     O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119, Formula O120,     Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula     O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129, Formula O130,     Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula O134, Formula     O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138, Formula O139,     Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula     O144, O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148, Formula O149,     Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula O153, Formula     O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157, Formula O158,     Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula O162, Formula     O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166, Formula O167,     Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula O171, Formula     O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175, Formula O176,     Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula O180, Formula     O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184, Formula O185,     Formula O186, and Formula O187, wherein n is an integer from 5 to     1000. -   C124. The conjugate according to clause C121, wherein said     saccharide comprises an increase of at least 5 repeating units,     compared to the corresponding wild-type O-polysaccharide. -   C125. A composition comprising a saccharide according to clause 1,     further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. -   C126. The composition according to clause C125, further comprising     an adjuvant. -   C127. The composition according to clause C125, further comprising     aluminum. -   C128. The composition according to clause C125, further comprising     QS-21. -   C129. The composition according to clause C125, wherein the     composition does not include an adjuvant. -   C130. A method for inducing an immune response in a subject     comprising administering to the subject a composition according to     clause C125. -   C131. A composition comprising a conjugate according to clause C121,     further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent. -   C132. A method for inducing an immune response in a subject     comprising administering to the subject a composition according to     clause C131. -   C133. The method according to clauses C130 or C132, wherein the     immune response comprises induction of an anti-E. coli O-specific     polysaccharide serum antibody. -   C134. The method according to clause C133, wherein the anti-E coli     O-specific polysaccharide serum antibody is an IgG antibody. -   C135. The method according to clause C133, wherein the anti-E. coli     O-specific polysaccharide serum antibody is an IgG antibody has     bactericidal activity against E. coli. -   C136. An immunogenic composition comprising a saccharide derived     from E. coli, conjugated to a carrier protein through a     (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer, wherein the     polysaccharide is covalently linked to the eTEC spacer through a     carbamate linkage, and wherein the carrier protein is covalently     linked to the eTEC spacer through an amide linkage. -   C137. The immunogenic composition according to clause C136, further     comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or     diluent. -   C138. The immunogenic composition according to clause C136, wherein     the saccharide is an O-antigen derived from E. coli. -   C139. The immunogenic composition according to clause C136, wherein     the saccharide comprises a structure selected from: Formula O1,     Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4, Formula O5, Formula O6, Formula     O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12,     Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17,     Formula O18, Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22,     Formula O23, Formula O24, Formula O25, Formula O25b, Formula O26,     Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32,     Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37,     Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42,     Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45, Formula O46, Formula O48,     Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53,     Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58,     Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula O63,     Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69,     Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73, Formula O74, Formula O75,     Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80,     Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85,     Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90,     Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96,     Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101,     Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula     O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110,     Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula     O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119,     Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula     O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129,     Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula     O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138,     Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula     O143, Formula O144, O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148,     Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula     O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157,     Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula     O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166,     Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula     O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175,     Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula     O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184,     Formula O185, Formula O186, and Formula O187, wherein n is an     integer from 5 to 1000. -   C140. The immunogenic composition according to clause C136, wherein     the saccharide has a degree of O-acetylation between 75-100%. -   C141. The immunogenic composition according to clause C136, wherein     the carrier protein is CRM197. -   C142. The immunogenic composition according to clause C141, wherein     the CRM197 comprises 2 to 20 lysine residues covalently linked to     the polysaccharide through an eTEC spacer. -   C143. The immunogenic composition according to clause C141, wherein     the CRM197 comprises 4 to 16 lysine residues covalently linked to     the polysaccharide through an eTEC spacer. -   C144. The immunogenic composition according to clause C136, further     comprising an additional antigen. -   C145. The immunogenic composition according to clause C136, further     comprising an adjuvant. -   C146. The immunogenic composition according to clause C145, wherein     the adjuvant is an aluminum-based adjuvant selected from the group     consisting of aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate and aluminum     hydroxide. -   C147. The immunogenic composition according to clause C136, wherein     the composition does not comprise an adjuvant. -   C148. An immunogenic composition comprising a glycoconjugate     comprising a saccharide derived from E. coli conjugated to a carrier     protein, wherein the glycoconjugate is prepared using reductive     amination. -   C149. The immunogenic composition according to clause C148, further     comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier or     diluent. -   C150. The immunogenic composition according to clause C148, wherein     the saccharide is an O-antigen derived from E. coli. -   C151. The immunogenic composition according to clause C148, wherein     the saccharide comprises a structure selected from: Formula O1,     Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4, Formula O5, Formula O6, Formula     O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12,     Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17,     Formula O18, Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22,     Formula O23, Formula O24, Formula O25, Formula O25b, Formula O26,     Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32,     Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37,     Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42,     Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45, Formula O46, Formula O48,     Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53,     Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58,     Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula O63,     Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69,     Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73, Formula O74, Formula O75,     Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80,     Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85,     Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90,     Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96,     Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101,     Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula     O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110,     Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula     O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119,     Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula     O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129,     Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula     O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138,     Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula     O143, Formula O144, O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148,     Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula     O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157,     Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula     O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166,     Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula     O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175,     Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula     O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184,     Formula O185, Formula O186, and Formula O187, wherein n is an     integer from 5 to 1000. -   C152. The immunogenic composition according to clause C148, wherein     the saccharide has a degree of O-acetylation between 75-100%. -   C153. The immunogenic composition according to clause C148, wherein     the carrier protein is CRM197. -   C154. The immunogenic composition according to clause C148, further     comprising an additional antigen. -   C155. The immunogenic composition according to clause C148, further     comprising an adjuvant. -   C156. The immunogenic composition according to clause C155, wherein     the adjuvant is an aluminum-based adjuvant selected from the group     consisting of aluminum phosphate, aluminum sulfate and aluminum     hydroxide. -   C157. The immunogenic composition according to clause C148, wherein     the composition does not comprise an adjuvant. -   C158. A method for inducing an immune response in a subject     comprising administering to the subject a composition according to     any one of clauses C136-C157. -   C159. The method according to clause C158, wherein the immune     response comprises induction of an anti-E coli O-specific     polysaccharide serum antibody. -   C160. The method according to clause C133, wherein the anti-E. coli     O-specific polysaccharide serum antibody is an IgG antibody. -   C161. The method according to clause C133, wherein the anti-E. coli     O-specific polysaccharide serum antibody is an IgG antibody has     bactericidal activity against E. coli. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A saccharide comprising a structure selected from any one of Formula O1, Formula O1A, Formula O1B, Formula O1C, Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4, Formula O4:K52, Formula O4:K6, Formula O5, Formula O5ab, Formula O5ac, Formula O6, Formula O6:K2; K13; K15, Formula O6:K54, Formula O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12, Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18, Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula O18A1, Formula O18B, Formula O18B1, Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22, Formula O23, Formula O23A, Formula O24, Formula O25, Formula O25a, Formula O25b, Formula O26, Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32, Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37, Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42, Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45, Formula O45, Formula O45rel, Formula O46, Formula O48, Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53, Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58, Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula 62D₁, Formula O63, Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69, Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73, Formula O73, Formula O74, Formula O75, Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80, Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85, Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90, Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96, Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101, Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110, Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119, Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129, Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138, Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O144, Formula O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148, Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166, Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175, Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184, Formula O185, Formula O186, Formula O187, wherein n is greater than the number of repeat units in the corresponding wild-type E. coli polysaccharide.
 2. The saccharide according to claim 1, wherein n is an integer from 31 to
 100. 3. The saccharide according to claim 1, wherein the saccharide comprises a structure according to any one of Formula O1A, Formula O1B, and Formula O1C, Formula O2, Formula O6, and Formula O25B.
 4. The saccharide according to claim 1, wherein the saccharide is produced in a recombinant host cell that expresses a wzz family protein having at least 90% sequence identity to any one of SEQ ID NO: 20, SEQ ID NO: 21, SEQ ID NO: 22, SEQ ID NO: 23, SEQ ID NO: 24, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO:
 19. 5. The saccharide according to claim 4, wherein the protein comprises any one of SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 17, SEQ ID NO: 18, and SEQ ID NO:
 19. 6. The saccharide according to claim 1, wherein the saccharide is synthetically synthesized.
 7. A conjugate comprising a carrier protein covalently bound to a saccharide, said saccharide comprising a structure selected from any one of Formula O1, Formula O1A, Formula O1B, Formula O1C, Formula O2, Formula O3, Formula O4, Formula O4:K52, Formula O4:K6, Formula O5, Formula O5ab, Formula O5ac, Formula O6, Formula O6:K2; K13; K15, Formula O6:K54, Formula O7, Formula O8, Formula O9, Formula O10, Formula O11, Formula O12, Formula O13, Formula O14, Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18, Formula O18A, Formula O18ac, Formula O18A1, Formula O18B, Formula O18B1, Formula O19, Formula O20, Formula O21, Formula O22, Formula O23, Formula O23A, Formula O24, Formula O25, Formula O25a, Formula O25b, Formula O26, Formula O27, Formula O28, Formula O29, Formula O30, Formula O32, Formula O33, Formula O34, Formula O35, Formula O36, Formula O37, Formula O38, Formula O39, Formula O40, Formula O41, Formula O42, Formula O43, Formula O44, Formula O45, Formula O45, Formula O45rel, Formula O46, Formula O48, Formula O49, Formula O50, Formula O51, Formula O52, Formula O53, Formula O54, Formula O55, Formula O56, Formula O57, Formula O58, Formula O59, Formula O60, Formula O61, Formula O62, Formula 62D₁, Formula O63, Formula O64, Formula O65, Formula O66, Formula O68, Formula O69, Formula O70, Formula O71, Formula O73, Formula O73, Formula O74, Formula O75, Formula O76, Formula O77, Formula O78, Formula O79, Formula O80, Formula O81, Formula O82, Formula O83, Formula O84, Formula O85, Formula O86, Formula O87, Formula O88, Formula O89, Formula O90, Formula O91, Formula O92, Formula O93, Formula O95, Formula O96, Formula O97, Formula O98, Formula O99, Formula O100, Formula O101, Formula O102, Formula O103, Formula O104, Formula O105, Formula O106, Formula O107, Formula O108, Formula O109, Formula O110, Formula O111, Formula O112, Formula O113, Formula O114, Formula O115, Formula O116, Formula O117, Formula O118, Formula O119, Formula O120, Formula O121, Formula O123, Formula O124, Formula O125, Formula O126, Formula O127, Formula O128, Formula O129, Formula O130, Formula O131, Formula O132, Formula O133, Formula O134, Formula O135, Formula O136, Formula O137, Formula O138, Formula O139, Formula O140, Formula O141, Formula O142, Formula O143, Formula O144, Formula O145, Formula O146, Formula O147, Formula O148, Formula O149, Formula O150, Formula O151, Formula O152, Formula O153, Formula O154, Formula O155, Formula O156, Formula O157, Formula O158, Formula O159, Formula O160, Formula O161, Formula O162, Formula O163, Formula O164, Formula O165, Formula O166, Formula O167, Formula O168, Formula O169, Formula O170, Formula O171, Formula O172, Formula O173, Formula O174, Formula O175, Formula O176, Formula O177, Formula O178, Formula O179, Formula O180, Formula O181, Formula O182, Formula O183, Formula O184, Formula O185, Formula O186, Formula O187, wherein n is an integer from 1 to
 100. 8. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the saccharide comprises any one of the following Formula O25b, Formula O1A, Formula O2, and Formula O6.
 9. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the saccharide further comprises any one of an E. coli R1 moiety, E. coli R2 moiety, E. coli R3 moiety, E. coli R4 moiety, and E. coli K-12 moiety.
 10. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the saccharide does not further comprise any one of an E. coli R1 moiety, E. coli R2 moiety, E. coli R3 moiety, E. coli R4 moiety, and E. coli K-12 moiety. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the saccharide does not further comprise an E. coli R2 moiety.
 11. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the saccharide further comprises a 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) moiety.
 12. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the carrier protein is selected from any one of CRM₁₉₇, diphtheria toxin fragment B (DTFB), DTFB C8, Diphtheria toxoid (DT), tetanus toxoid (TT), fragment C of TT, pertussis toxoid, cholera toxoid, or exotoxin A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa; detoxified Exotoxin A of P. aeruginosa (EPA), maltose binding protein (MBP), detoxified hemolysin A of S. aureus, clumping factor A, clumping factor B, Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumolysin and detoxified variants thereof, C. jejuni AcrA, and C. jejuni natural glycoproteins.
 13. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the carrier protein is CRM₁₉₇.
 14. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the carrier protein is tetanus toxoid.
 15. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the ratio of saccharide to protein is at least 0.5 to at most
 2. 16. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the conjugate is prepared via reductive amination.
 17. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein through a (2-((2-oxoethyl)thio)ethyl)carbamate (eTEC) spacer.
 18. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the saccharide is a single-end linked conjugated saccharide.
 19. The conjugate according to claim 11, wherein the saccharide is conjugated to the carrier protein through a 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO) residue.
 20. The conjugate according to claim 7, wherein the conjugate is prepared via CDAP chemistry.
 21. A composition comprising (a) a conjugate comprising a carrier protein covalently bound to a saccharide comprising Formula O25b, wherein n is an integer from 31 to 90, (b) a conjugate comprising a carrier protein covalently bound to a saccharide comprising Formula O1A, wherein n is an integer from 31 to 90, (c) a conjugate comprising a carrier protein covalently bound to a saccharide comprising Formula O2, wherein n is an integer from 31 to 90, and (d) a conjugate comprising a carrier protein covalently bound to a saccharide comprising and Formula O6, wherein n is an integer from 31 to
 90. 22. The composition according to claim 21, further comprising a conjugate comprising a carrier protein covalently bound to a saccharide comprising a structure selected from any one of the following: Formula O15, Formula O16, Formula O17, Formula O18 and Formula O75, wherein n is an integer from 31 to
 90. 23. The composition according to claim 21, comprising at most 25% free saccharide as compared to the total amount of saccharide in the composition.
 24. A method of eliciting an immune response against Escherichia coli in a mammal, comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of the composition according to any one of claims 21 to
 23. 25. The method according to claim 24, wherein the immune response comprises opsonophagocytic antibodies against E. coli.
 26. The method according to claim 24, wherein the immune response protects the mammal from an E. coli infection. 